{"id":2579,"date":"2023-04-12T09:21:03","date_gmt":"2023-04-12T09:21:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/?page_id=2579"},"modified":"2025-06-23T08:25:02","modified_gmt":"2025-06-23T08:25:02","slug":"ungegn_glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/ungegn_glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"UNGEGN Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Glossary includes both the original 2002 edition and the 2007 Addendum. The dates are noted with the respective entries.<\/p>\n\n\n

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001 acronym<\/h4>\n

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acronym | acronyme | acr\u00f3nimo | \u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c; \u0430\u0431\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u061b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 | \u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7ec4\u5408\u8bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Word formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive or major parts of a composite term.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Soweto (South West Townships); radar; UNGEGN.<\/p>\n

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Sigle constitu\u00e9 de la ou des lettres initiales des diff\u00e9rents termes d\u2019une expression, se pronon\u00e7ant comme un mot ordinaire.<\/p>\n

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Exemple<\/em>: Soweto (South West Townships); Radar; pixel; UNESCO; UNICEF.<\/p>\n

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Palabra formada por las letras iniciales, y a veces por m\u00e1s letras, de otras palabras.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos<\/em>: Soweto (South West Townships); Radar; UNGEGN.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0432\u0443\u0437 (\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435); \u041c\u0413\u0423 (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442); \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 (\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435); \u0420\u0424 (\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f); Soweto (South West Townships).<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 (\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0627\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0633\u0640\u0648\u064a\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0648 \u201dSoweto = South West Townships\u201c\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 UNGEGN (\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629).<\/p>\n

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\u4f9d\u6b21\u7531\u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u9996\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b57 \u6bcd\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Soweto (South West Townships, \u7d22\u97e6\u6258) ; Radar (radio detecting and ranging, \u96f7\u8fbe) ; UNGEGN (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, \u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5730\u540d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4).<\/p>\n

002 address<\/h4>\n

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address | adresse | direcci\u00f3n | \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 |\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646| \u5730\u5740 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) Computer location where a particular\u00a0item is stored.<\/p>\n

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(b) A geographical address enables a\u00a0topographic item, and in particular a\u00a0human habitation, to be located.<\/p>\n

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a) Endroit, dans la m\u00e9moire vive d’un\u00a0ordinateur, o\u00f9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment d’information\u00a0sp\u00e9cifique est emmagasin\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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b) Une adresse g\u00e9ographique permet de\u00a0localiser un \u00e9l\u00e9ment topographique et, en\u00a0particulier, une habitation.<\/p>\n

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a) Lugar del ordenador donde se almacena un tema\u00a0determinado.<\/p>\n

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b) Una direcci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica permite localizar un elemento\u00a0topogr\u00e1fico y, en particular, un lugar habitado.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u00a0\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00a0\u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n

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(b) \u5730\u7406\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u636e\u6b64\u786e\u5b9a\u5730\u5f62\u7269\u9879\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5c45\u6240\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Computer location where a particular item is stored.<\/p>\n

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Endroit, dans la m\u00e9moire vive d’un ordinateur, o\u00f9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment d’information sp\u00e9cifique est emmagasin\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Lugar del ordenador donde se almacena un tema determinado.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n

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\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e.<\/p>\n

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003 allograph<\/h4>\n

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allograph | allographe | al\u00f3grafo | \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 |\u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a | \u5b57\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of the particular graphic representations of a \u2192 grapheme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: in English, ff, ph and gh are allographs of f, the grapheme for the \/f\/ \u2192 phoneme<\/strong>; in German, ss = sz = \u00df, \u00e4 = ae.<\/p>\n

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Chacune des repr\u00e9sentations \u00e9crites concr\u00e8tes d\u2019un \u2192 graph\u00e8me<\/strong>, en fonction de l\u2019environnement.<\/p>\n

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Exemple : en fran\u00e7ais, ff et ph sont deux allographes du m\u00eame graph\u00e8me f, qui repr\u00e9sente le \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong> \/f\/. En toponymie, chacune des formes que prend un nom de lieu lorsque ces formes diff\u00e8rent par l\u2019\u00e9criture et non par la prononciation : Wabush, Ouabouche (Canada).<\/p>\n

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Cada una de las representaciones gr\u00e1ficas particulares de un \u2192 grafema<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: en ingl\u00e9s, ff, ph y gh son al\u00f3grafos de f, el grafema del \u2192 fonema<\/strong> \/f\/; en alem\u00e1n, ss = sz = \u00df, \u00e4 = ae.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c ff, ph \u0438 gh \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b<\/strong> \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/strong> \/f\/; \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430, \u044f\u2192 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b<\/strong> \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \/\u0430\/.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 ff \u0648ph \u0648gh \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \/f\/\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ss=sz=\u2190 \u0648\u00e4=ae.<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u4e00\u5b57\u4f4d (\u2192 grapheme) \u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u4e66\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684ff, ph\u548cgh\u90fd\u662ff\u7684\u5b57\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53, \u8868\u793a\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme) \/f\/; \u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684 ss = sz = \u00df, \u00e4 = ae.biscriptual 022<\/p>\n

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biscriptual | biscriptural | biling\u00fce | \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u0646\u0635 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 | \u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Written or printed in two different kinds of \u2192 script<\/strong>. See also \u2192 multiscriptual map<\/strong>; \u2192 multiscriptual gazetteer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ecrit ou imprim\u00e9 en deux syst\u00e8mes d\uff0c\u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> diff\u00e9rents. Voir aussi \u2192 carte multiscripturale<\/strong> et \u2192 r\u00e9pertoire toponymique multiscriptural<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Escrito o impreso en dos idiomas o en dos tipos diferentes de \u2192 escritura<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 mapa pol\u00edglota<\/strong>; \u2192 nomencl\u00e1tor pol\u00edglota<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>; \u2192 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u2190\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u061b \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script) \u4e66\u5199\u6216\u5370\u5237\u7684. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 multiscriptual map ; \u2192 multiscriptual gazetteer.<\/p>\n

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004 allomorph<\/h4>\n

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allomorph | allomorphe | alomorfo | \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444 |\u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a | \u8bcd\u7d20\u53d8\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of two or more differing \u2192 phonological<\/strong> manifestations of a given \u2192 morpheme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Example: the es in boxes and the en in oxen are allomorphs of the plural morpheme.<\/p>\n

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Chacune des manifestations \u2192 phonologiques<\/strong> d\u2019un \u2192 morph\u00e8me<\/strong> donn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Exemples \uff1a beau \u2192 beaux, ville \u2192 villes, o\u00f9 x et s sont les allomorphes du morph\u00e8me de pluriel en fran\u00e7ais. En toponymie, se dit de chacune des deux ou nombreuses formes d\u2019origine commune que peut prendre un nom de lieu. Exemples : Shippagan, Shippegan, Shipagan, Shipigan (Canada); Charolais, Charollais (France).<\/p>\n

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Cada una de las variantes de un \u2192 morfema<\/strong>, en funci\u00f3n de un contexto y significado id\u00e9nticos.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplo: “s” y “es” son alomorfos del morfema de plural en espa\u00f1ol.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c -s \u0432 cats \u0438 -es \u0432 boxes \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c -\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0438 -\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b \u2014 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b; -\u0431\u0440,-\u0431\u0435\u0440,-\u0431\u0438\u0440 \u2014 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u2190 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 <\/strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u201d es<\/em> \u201c \u0641\u064a boxes \u0648\u201d en<\/em> \u201c \u0641\u064a oxen \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u4e00\u8bcd\u7d20 (\u2192 morpheme) \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192 phonological) \u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: boxes\u4e2d\u7684es\u548coxen \u4e2d\u7684en\u5747\u5c5e\u590d\u6570\u8bcd\u7d20\u7684\u8bcd\u7d20\u53d8\u4f53.<\/p>\n

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005 allonym<\/h4>\n

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allonym | allonyme | al\u00f3nimo | \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c; \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 | \u522b\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of two or more toponyms employed in reference to a single \u2192 topographic feature<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Hull, Kingston upon Hull; Vesterhavet, Nordsee; Swansea, Abertawe; Johannesburg, Egoli.<\/p>\n

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L\u2019un quelconque des noms propres servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer une m\u00eame \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemples : Monte Cervino (Mont Cervin) et Matterhorn; Vesterhavet et Nordsee.<\/p>\n

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Cada uno de dos o m\u00e1s top\u00f3nimos empleados para referirnos a un mismo \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Hull, Kingston upon Hull; Vesterhavet, Nordsee; Swansea, Abertawe; Johannesburg, Egoli.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Hull, Kingston upon Hull; Vesterhavet, Nordsee; Swansea, Abertawe; Johannesburg, Egoli; \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b; \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434; \u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0412\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0430, \u0425\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a <\/strong>\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: Hull, Kingston upon Hull; Vesterhavet, Nordsee; Swansea, Abertawe; Johannesburg, Egoli.<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192topographic feature<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982: \u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684Hull (\u8d6b\u5c14) \u548cKingston upon Hull (\u8d6b\u5c14\u6cb3\u7554\u91d1\u65af\u987f)\uff1b \u6b27\u6d32\u7684Vesterhavet (\u897f\u6d77) \u548cNordsee (\u5317\u6d77)\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u7684Swansea (\u65af\u65fa\u897f) \u548cAbertawe (\u963f\u4f2f\u9676\u57c3)\uff1b\u5357\u975e\u7684Johannesburg (\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af\u5821) \u548cEgoli (\u57c3\u6208\u5229)\u3002<\/p>\n

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007 allophone<\/h4>\n

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allophone | allophone | al\u00f3fono | \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d | \u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a | \u97f3\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 phone<\/strong>, one of two or more \u2192 phonetic<\/strong> variants of a \u2192 phoneme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: allophones of the \/t\/ phoneme in English Tyne as distinct from American water; allophones of the \/r\/ phoneme in Spanish rio as against in Madrid.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Phone<\/strong>, variante \u2192 phon\u00e9tique<\/strong> combinatoire d\u2019un \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong>. En toponymie, chacune des prononciations existant pour un m\u00eame nom de lieu, sans modification d\u2019\u00e9criture.<\/p>\n

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Exemples\uff1a Paris (France), prononc\u00e9 [paRi] en fran\u00e7ais, [p\u0153ris] en anglais, [paris] en espagnol; en anglais, t dans [type] diff\u00e9rent de l\u2019am\u00e9ricain [water].<\/p>\n

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Un \u2192 fonio<\/strong>, cada una de las variantes que se dan en la pronunciaci\u00f3n de un mismo \u2192 fonema<\/strong>, seg\u00fan la posici\u00f3n de \u00e9ste en la palabra o s\u00edlaba, seg\u00fan el car\u00e1cter de los fonemas vecinos.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: en ingl\u00e9s, al\u00f3fonos del fonema \/t\/ son Tyne frente a water del ingl\u00e9s estadounidense; en espa\u00f1ol, al\u00f3fonos del fonema \/r\/ son r\u00edo frente a Madrid.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0417\u0432\u0443\u043a<\/strong>, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445<\/strong> \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b I\/J \u2014 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 Tyne \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 water; \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b \/\u0433\/\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2014 rio \u0438 Madrid; \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b \/\u0430\/ \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u2190 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 <\/strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \/t\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 T<\/em>yne \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Wat<\/em>er. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \/r\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0640\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0627\u0646 r<\/em>io \u0648 Madr<\/em>id.<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u4e00\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme) \u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u97f3\u7d20 (\u2192 phone) \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192 phonetic) \u53d8\u4f53.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u82f1 \u8bed Tyne \u4e2d\u7684t\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u82f1\u8bed water\u4e2d\u7684t\u53d1\u97f3\u4e0d\u540c, \u662f\u97f3 \u4f4d\/t\/\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53d8\u4f53; \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed rio. \u4e2d\u7684r\u4e0e Madrid \u4e2d \u7684r\u4e5f\u662f\u97f3\u4f4d\/r\/\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53d8\u4f53.<\/p>\n

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008 alphabet<\/h4>\n

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alphabet | alphabet | alfabeto | \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442; \u0430\u0437\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0430 | \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0621 | \u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Set of all \u2192 letters<\/strong> of a language with \u2192 alphabetic script<\/strong>, ordered in a specific sequence and provided with names for each letter.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble des \u2192 lettres<\/strong> d\u2019une langue \u00e0 \u2192 \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique<\/strong> \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9es selon un ordre conventionnel propre \u00e0 cette langue, donnant un nom \u00e0 chacune d\u2019entre elles.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto de todas las \u2192 letras<\/strong> de una lengua con \u2192 escritura alfab\u00e9tica<\/strong>, seg\u00fan el orden en que cada una de tales lenguas las considera colocadas, y en la que existe un nombre para cada letra.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432<\/strong> \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u043c<\/strong>, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 <\/strong>\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0alphabetic script<\/strong>) \u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5168\u5957\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192\u00a0letters<\/strong>), \u6309\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n

009 alphabetic<\/h4>\n

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alphabetic | alphab\u00e9tique | alfab\u00e9tico | \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 | \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a | \u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Relating to an \u2192 alphabet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Qui repose sur un \u2192 alphabet<\/strong>, est propre \u00e0 l\u2019alphabet.<\/p>\n

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Perteneciente o relativo a un \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 alphabet<\/strong> \u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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013, 284 alphabetic script<\/h4>\n

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alphabetic script | \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique | escritura alfab\u00e9tica | \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 | \u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 |<\/p>\n


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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Script belonging to the \u2192 alphabetic<\/strong> \u2192 writing system<\/strong> in which a single \u2192 letter<\/strong> or \u2192 di- or trigraph<\/strong> in principle represents a single \u2192 phoneme<\/strong> or \u2192 diphthong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Roman, Greek, Cyrillic, Thai, Arabic and Hebrew are alphabetic, but the latter two are \u2192 defective<\/strong>, i.e. mainly \u2192 consonant scripts<\/strong>. In (alphabetic) Korean, letters are graphically organized in roughly square syllabic units.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture<\/strong> appartenant au \u2192 syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture <\/strong>alphab\u00e9tique, \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9rence phon\u00e9tique ou phonologique, dans lequel les caract\u00e8res, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de \u2192 lettres<\/strong> uniques, de \u2192 digrammes<\/strong> ou de \u2192 trigrammes<\/strong>, repr\u00e9sentent des \u2192 phones<\/strong> ou des \u2192 diphtongues<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemples \uff1a les \u00e9critures latine, grecque, cyrillique, tha\u00ef, arabe et h\u00e9breu sont toutes alphab\u00e9tiques, mais les deux derni\u00e8res sont \u2192 d\u00e9fectives<\/strong>, ne notant pour l\u2019essentiel que les consonnes. Dans l\u2019\u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique cor\u00e9eenne, les lettres sont organis\u00e9es visuellement en unit\u00e9s syllabiques \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s carr\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

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Escritura que pertenece al \u2192 sistema de escritura<\/strong> \u2192 alfab\u00e9tico<\/strong> en el cual una sola \u2192 letra<\/strong> o \u2192 di- o tr\u00edgrafo<\/strong> representa en principio un \u00fanico \u2192 fonema<\/strong> o \u2192 diptongo<\/strong> o \u2192 triptongo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: las escrituras romana, griega, cir\u00edlica, tai, \u00e1rabe y hebrea son alfab\u00e9ticas, pero las dos \u00faltimas son \u2192 defectivas, es decir, fundamentalmente \u2192 escrituras<\/strong> consonantes<\/strong>. En el coreano alfab\u00e9tico, las letras est\u00e1n organizadas en unidades sil\u00e1bicas aproximadamente cuadradas.<\/p>\n

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\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444<\/strong> \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443<\/strong> \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0443, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a \u2192 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443<\/strong> \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0443<\/strong>. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u2190 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>\u060c\u00a0\u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> (\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u064b<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u2190 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629<\/strong> (\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a) \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabetic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system<\/strong>) \u7684 \u6587\u5b57. \u8be5\u6587\u5b57\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee5\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter) , \u6216\u5355\u97f3 \u7684\u53cc\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 digraph<\/strong>) \u6216\u4e09\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 trigraph<\/strong>) \u8868\u793a\u2192 \u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme<\/strong>) \u6216\u4e8c\u5408\u5143\u97f3 (\u2192 diphthong<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u897f\u91cc\u5c14\u6587\u5b57\u3001 \u6cf0\u6587\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f \u6587\u5b57\u53ca\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587\u5b57\u5747\u4e3a\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57, \u4f46\u540e\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5b8c \u5168 (\u2192 defective<\/strong>) \u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57, \u5373\u8f85\u97f3\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 consonant scripts<\/strong>). \u671d\u9c9c\u6587\u4e3a\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57, \u5176\u62fc\u5199\u662f \u4ee5\u97f3\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d, \u7531\u5b57\u6bcd\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u65b9\u5757\u5f62\u7684\u5b57.<\/p>\n

014 alphabetic sequence<\/h4>\n

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alphabetic sequence | ordre alphab\u00e9tique | orden alfab\u00e9tico | \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a |\u00a0\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a |\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The order in which the \u2192 letters<\/strong> of an \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> are customarily cited.<\/p>\n

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(b) A body of items listed in this order.<\/p>\n

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a) Ordre dans lequel les \u2192 lettres<\/strong> d\u2019un \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> sont habituellement \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9es;<\/p>\n

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b) Suite d\u2019entr\u00e9es rang\u00e9es dans cet ordre.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

1. Orden en que se citan generalmente las \u2192 letras<\/strong> o \u2192 caracteres<\/strong> de un \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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2. Conjunto de elementos enumerados en este orden.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b<\/strong> \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n

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b) \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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(a) \u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet<\/strong>) \u91cc\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letters<\/strong>) \u6309\u4e60\u60ef\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5217\u7684\u987a\u5e8f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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(b) \u6309\u5404\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5217\u7684\u6587\u672c.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

015 alphabetic sequence rules<\/h4>\n

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alphabetic sequence rules | r\u00e8gles de classement alphab\u00e9tique | reglas de ordenaci\u00f3n alfab\u00e9tica | \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 | \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u00a0| \u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u89c4\u5219 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Sequence<\/strong> rules for \u2192 alphabetic script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 R\u00e8gles<\/strong> de classement pour une \u2192 \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Reglas<\/strong> de ordenaci\u00f3n para una \u2192 escritura alfab\u00e9tica<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 alphabetic script<\/strong>) \u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u89c4\u5219 (\u2192 sequence rules<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

017 anthroponym<\/h4>\n

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anthroponym | anthroponyme | antrop\u00f3nimo | \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 | \u4eba\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Personal name.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Examples: Alfred; \u2018Al\u012b; Everest.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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Nom patronymique d\u2019une personne, pr\u00e9nom, ou les deux.<\/p>\n

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Exemples \uff1a Alfred; \u2019Ali; Dupont; Johnson; George-Etienne Cartier.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio de persona.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Antonio; Alfred; Nobel.<\/p>\n

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\u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0434; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440; \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0451\u0432.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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.\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Alfred (\u827e\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7); \u2019Al\u00ef (\u963f\u91cc) ; Everest (\u57c3\u4f5b \u52d2\u65af).<\/p>\n

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018 article<\/h4>\n

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article | article | art\u00edculo | \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044c | \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 | \u51a0\u8bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 morpheme<\/strong> that makes explicit the (usually) definite nature of a noun, and sometimes its gender, number and case.<\/p>\n

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Examples: English the; Spanish el, los, las; French le, la, les; Arabic al-; Hebrew ha-; Romanian -ul.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Morph\u00e8me<\/strong> qui explicite le caract\u00e8re d\u00e9fini ou ind\u00e9fini d\u2019un autre morph\u00e8me, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un nom, et qui en pr\u00e9cise souvent le genre, le nombre et le cas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Exemples \uff1a la Seine, le Rh\u00f4ne, les Alpes (France); Cri\u00e7ul Alb (Roumanie), o\u00f9 l\u2019article est l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment postpos\u00e9 -ul.<\/p>\n

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Un \u2192 morfema<\/strong> que expresa claramente la naturaleza definida o indefinida de un nombre, y a veces su g\u00e9nero, el n\u00famero y el caso.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: en ingl\u00e9s, the; en espa\u00f1ol, el, los, las; en franc\u00e9s, le, la, les; en \u00e1rabe, al-; en hebreo, ha-; en rumano, -ul.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/strong>, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 the; \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 el, los, las; \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 le, la, les; \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c al; \u0432 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 ha; \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c ul; \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e, \u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: the \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648el, los, las \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648le, la, les \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0640 \u0640\u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0640\u0640 ha \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0640\u0640 ul \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u9650\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8bcd\u7d20 (\u2192 morpheme<\/strong>) , \u6709\u65f6\u8fd8 \u8868\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u6027\u3001\u6570\u3001\u683c.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u82f1\u8bed\u7684the; \u897f\u73ed\u7259 \u8bed\u7684el, los, las; \u6cd5\u8bed\u7684le, la, les; \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684al-; \u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u7684ha-; \u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u7684 -ul.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

019 articulation<\/h4>\n

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articulation | articulation | articulaci\u00f3n | \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f | (\u0646\u0637\u0642 (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 | \u53d1\u97f3 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Physiological movements involved in modifying an airflow to produce speech sounds, using the vocal tract above the larynx.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble des mouvements des organes vocaux qui d\u00e9terminent la forme des diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9sonateurs sur le passage de l’air laryng\u00e9, et donc la nature des ondes sonores utilis\u00e9es pour la production des sons du langage.<\/p>\n

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Posici\u00f3n y movimiento de los \u00f3rganos de la voz para la pronunciaci\u00f3n de una vocal o consonante.<\/p>\n

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\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n

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\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u5589\u5934\u4e0a\u90e8\u7684\u58f0\u9053\u5728\u91ca\u653e\u6c14\u6d41\u800c\u53d1\u51fa\u8bed\u97f3\u7684\u751f\u7406\u8fd0\u52a8.<\/p>\n

A019, A211 authorized name<\/h4>\n

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name, authorized |\u00a0nombre propio\u00a0autorizado | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See\u00a0\u2192 name, official.<\/p>\n

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Voir \u2192 name, official.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c.\u00a0\u2192 name, official.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase\u00a0\u2192 nombre propio oficial.<\/p>\n

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021 bilingualism<\/h4>\n

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bilingualism | bilinguisme | biling\u00fcismo | \u0434\u0432\u0443\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0435; \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00a0| \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 | \u53cc\u8bed\u5236 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The habitual use, e.g. by a person or a community, of two \u2192 languages<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Pratique habituelle de deux \u2192 langues<\/strong>, par un individu ou une collectivit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Uso habitual de dos \u2192 lenguas<\/strong> en una misma regi\u00f3n o por una misma persona.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u793e\u533a\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

022 biscriptual<\/h4>\n

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biscriptual | biscriptural | biling\u00fce | \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u0646\u0635 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 | \u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Written or printed in two different kinds of \u2192 script<\/strong>. See also \u2192 multiscriptual map<\/strong>; \u2192 multiscriptual gazetteer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ecrit ou imprim\u00e9 en deux syst\u00e8mes d\uff0c\u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> diff\u00e9rents. Voir aussi \u2192 carte multiscripturale<\/strong> et \u2192 r\u00e9pertoire toponymique multiscriptural<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Escrito o impreso en dos idiomas o en dos tipos diferentes de \u2192 escritura<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 mapa pol\u00edglota<\/strong>; \u2192 nomencl\u00e1tor pol\u00edglota<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>; \u2192 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u2190\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u061b \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script) \u4e66\u5199\u6216\u5370\u5237\u7684. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 multiscriptual map ; \u2192 multiscriptual gazetteer.<\/p>\n

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023 character<\/h4>\n

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character | caract\u00e8re | car\u00e1cter | \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a; \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b | \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641 | \u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic symbol used as a unit in writing; more specifically, a graphic symbol in a non-alphabetic writing system.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Chinese \u4e2d (zhong); Amharic \u1200 (h\u0101); Japanese Hiragana \u306e (no).<\/p>\n

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Symbole graphique ind\u00e9pendant et invariable, susceptible d\u2019\u00eatre isol\u00e9. S\u2019emploie surtout pour les alphabets autres que romain et pour les graphies non alphab\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> chinois \u4e2d, zhong; amharique \u1200, h\u0101, japonais hiragana \u306e, no.<\/p>\n

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S\u00edmbolo gr\u00e1fico usado como una unidad en un sistema de escritura; m\u00e1s espec\u00edficamente, un s\u00edmbolo gr\u00e1fico en un sistema de escritura no alfab\u00e9tico.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> Chino \u4e2d (zhong); am\u00e1rico \u1200 (h\u0101); japon\u00e9s hiragana \u306e (no). Se usa m\u00e1s en plural: caractere<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e \u2014 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u4e2d (\u0447\u0436\u0443\u043d), \u0432 \u0430\u043c\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u1200 (\u0445\u0430), \u0432 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u306e (\u043d\u043e).<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a. \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u00a0(\u062c\u0648\u0646\u063a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u00a0(\u0647\u0627) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u306e (\u0646\u0648) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e66\u5199\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26; \u5c24\u5176\u6307\u67d0\u79cd\u975e\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb \u7edf\u7684\u5b57\u7b26.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u6c49\u5b57\u7684 \u4e2d\uff08zhong); \u963f\u59c6\u54c8\u62c9\u8bed\u7684 \u1200 (h\u0101); \u65e5\u8bed\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u7684 \u306e (\u043f\u043e).<\/p>\n

024, 200 modified character<\/h4>\n

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modified character | caract\u00e8re modifi\u00e9 | car\u00e1cter modificado | \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a | \u0631\u0645\u0632 (\u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641) \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0644 | \u53d8\u4f53\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Comprehensive term for \u2192 simplified character and \u2192 variant character.<\/p>\n

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Expression regroupant celles de \u2192 caract\u00e8re simplifi\u00e9 et de \u2192 variante d’un caract\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

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T\u00e9rmino que se puede referir tanto a \u2192 car\u00e1cter simplificado como a \u2192 car\u00e1cter optativo.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u2192 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0637<\/strong> \u0648 \u2190\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7b80\u5316\u5b57 (\u2192 simplified character) \u548c\u5f02\u4f53\u5b57 (\u2192 variant character) \u7684\u7edf\u79f0.<\/p>\n

025, 303 simplified character<\/h4>\n

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simplified character | caract\u00e8re simplifi\u00e9 | car\u00e1cter simplificado | \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a |\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632 (\u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641) \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0637\u00a0|\u00a0\u7b80\u5316\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Variant of a \u2192 character<\/strong> that is graphically less complex than its original form.<\/p>\n

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Example: Chinese simplified characters (Jiantizi) with fewer strokes than the corresponding traditional ones.<\/p>\n

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Forme que peut prendre un \u2192 caract\u00e8re<\/strong> par simplification de sa graphie originale. On dit aussi \u00ab caract\u00e8re abr\u00e9g\u00e9 \u00bb. Exemple: Lodz est la graphie simplifi\u00e9e de\u00a0\u0141\u00f3d\u017a (Pologne); les caract\u00e8re chinois simplifi\u00e9s (Jiantizi) qui comportent moins de traits que les caract\u00e8res traditionnels.<\/p>\n

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Variante de un \u2192 car\u00e1cter<\/strong> que gr\u00e1ficamente es menos compleja que su forma original. Ejemplo: los caracteres chinos simplificados (jiantizi), con menos trazos que los tradicionales.<\/p>\n

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\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/strong>, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 (\u0446\u0437\u044f\u043d\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0437\u044b) \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u2190\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632<\/strong> \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0637\u0629 (\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0632\u064a) (Jiantizi) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u6bd4\u539f\u4e66\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f02\u4f53\u5b57 (\u2192 character<\/strong>). \u5982: \u6c49\u8bed\u7b80\u5316\u5b57\u6bd4\u7b49\u540c\u7684\u7e41\u4f53\u5b57\u7684\u7b14\u5212\u5c11.<\/p>\n

026, 362 variant character<\/h4>\n

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variant character | variante d\u2019un caract\u00e8re | car\u00e1cter optativo | \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 | \u5f02\u4f53\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of two or more characters in a \u2192 writing system<\/strong> representing the same \u2192 phonological<\/strong> and\/or \u2192 morphological<\/strong> item (and, if alphabetic, belonging to the same \u2192 typeface<\/strong>) but differing in shape, e.g. according to its location in a word.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Arabic \ufecc<\/span> = <\/span>\ufecb<\/span> = <\/span>\ufec9<\/span>; Hebrew \u05e6<\/span> = <\/span>\u05e5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Chacun des symboles graphiques employ\u00e9s dans un \u2192 syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture<\/strong> pour repr\u00e9senter un m\u00eame \u00e9l\u00e9ment \u2192 phonologique<\/strong> ou \u2192 morphologique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemple:<\/em> le caract\u00e8re arabe \u060c<\/span> ayn \u00e9crit \ufecb (initial), \ufecc (m\u00e9dian), \ufec9 (final); h\u00e9breu \u05e6<\/span> = <\/span>\u05e5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Cada uno de los dos o m\u00e1s caracteres empleados en un \u2192 sistema de escritura<\/strong> para representar el mismo elemento \u2192 fonol\u00f3gico<\/strong> y\/o \u2192 morfol\u00f3gico<\/strong> (y si son alfab\u00e9ticos que pertenecen a la misma \u2192 clase de letra<\/strong>) pero que difieren en la forma, seg\u00fan el lugar que ocupen en una palabra.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> En \u00e1rabe: \ufecc<\/span> = <\/span>\ufecb<\/span> = <\/span>\ufec9<\/span>; en hebreo: \u05e6<\/span> = <\/span>\u05e5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/strong> \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/strong> \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 [\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u0430<\/strong>], \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \ufecc<\/span> = <\/span>\ufecb<\/span> = <\/span>\ufec9<\/span>; \u0432 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u05e6<\/span> = <\/span>\u05e5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 (\u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641) \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong>) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n

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\u0639 = \u0639\u0640 = \u0640\u0639\u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u05e5\u00a0= \u05e6 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u548c\/\u6216\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u6cd5 (\u5982\u5c5e\u540c\u4e00\u5b57\u4f53\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57) \u4f46\u5f62\u72b6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6216\u4e8c\u4e2a \u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b57. \u4f8b\u5982, \u56e0\u8be5\u5b57\u5728\u8bcd\u4e2d\u6240\u5904\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c, \u800c\u5199\u6cd5 \u4e0d\u540c.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684\u5df3 \ufecc<\/span> = <\/span>\ufecb<\/span> = <\/span>\ufec9<\/span>; \u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u7684 \u05e6<\/span> = <\/span>\u05e5<\/span>.<\/p>\n

027 vowel character<\/h4>\n

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vowel character | caract\u00e8re vocalique | car\u00e1cter vocal | \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\/\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u064a\u0651\u0646\u00a0| \u5143\u97f3\u5b57\u7b26<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In \u2192 alphabetic<\/strong> or \u2192 syllabic<\/strong> script, a \u2192 character,<\/strong> not a \u2192 marker,<\/strong> representing a \u2192 vowel.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Roman a<\/em>; Thai \u0e32 (a); Korean \u1161 (a); Amharic \u12a0 (\u0101, first vowel character).<\/p>\n

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Dans une \u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> alphab\u00e9tique ou \u2192 syllabique,<\/strong> un \u2192 caract\u00e8re,<\/strong> et non pas un \u2192 signe<\/strong> diacritique, repr\u00e9sentant une \u2192 voyelle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> amharique \u12a0 (\u0101, premier caract\u00e8re vocalique); romain a<\/em>; tha\u00ef \u0e32 (a); cor\u00e9en \u1161 (a).<\/p>\n

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En las escrituras \u2192 alfab\u00e9tica<\/strong> o \u2192 sil\u00e1bica<\/strong>, un \u2192 car\u00e1cter<\/strong>, no un \u2192 signo auxiliar<\/strong>, que representa una \u2192 vocal.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ejemplos<\/em>: en romano, a; en tai, \u0e32 (a); \u1161 en coreano, (a); en am\u00e1rico, \u12a0 (\u0101, primer car\u00e1cter vocal).<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c<\/strong> \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435, \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/strong>, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u2192 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0e32 (\u0430), \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u1161 (\u0430), \u0432 \u0430\u043c\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u12a0 (\u0101, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430).<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b <\/strong>\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: a<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0e32\u00a0 (a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0648 \uffc2\u00a0 (a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u00a0(a) (\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabetic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57\u6216\u97f3\u8282 (\u2192 syllabic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57 \u4e2d, \u8868\u793a\u5143\u97f3 (\u2192 vowel<\/strong>) \u7684\u5b57\u7b26 (\u2192 character<\/strong>), \u800c \u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u9644\u52a0\u7b26\u53f7\uff08\u2192 marker<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u7f57\u9a6c\u8bed\u7684a; \u6cf0\u8bed \u7684 \u0e32 (a) ; \u671d\u8bed\u7684 \u1161 (a) ; \u963f\u59c6\u54c8\u62c9\u8bed\u7684 \u12a0 (\u0101, \u7b2c \u4e00 \u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u5b57\u7b26).<\/p>\n

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028 choronym<\/h4>\n

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choronym | choronyme | cor\u00f3nimo | \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u00a0| \u5730\u57df\u540d\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Name of a large geographical or administrative unit of land.<\/p>\n

Examples: Yorkshire; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a (Ar Rub\u2018 al Kh\u0101l\u012b); Misiones; \u0391\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (Attiki).<\/p>\n

Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a large geographical or administrative unit of land.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Yorkshire;\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a (Ar Rub\u2018 al Kh\u0101l\u012bl); Missiones; \u0391\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (Attiki).<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a large geographical or\u00a0administrative unit of land. Examples:\u00a0Yorkshire; Ar-Rub\u2019; al-Kh\u0101li; Missiones;\u00a0Attiki.<\/p>\n

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Nom d’un territoire g\u00e9ographique ou\u00a0administratif d’\u00e9tendue cons\u00e9quente.\u00a0Exemples: Yorkshire; Lorraine; Misiones; Attique.<\/p>\n

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Nombre de una unidad de terreno extensa, ya sea geogr\u00e1fica\u00a0o administrativa. Ejemplos: Yorkshire; Ar-Rub\u2019 al-Kh\u0101li;\u00a0Missiones; Attiki.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438\u00a0\u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:\u00a0\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0440; \u0420\u0443\u0431-\u044d\u043b\u044c-\u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438; \u041c\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441; \u0410\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u5927\u7684\u5730\u7406\u6216\u884c\u653f\u5730\u57df\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1aYorkshire\uff08\u7ea6\u514b\u90e1\uff09\uff1bAr-Rub\u2019\uff1bal-Kh\u0101li\uff08\u9c81\u535c\u54c8\u5229\u6c99\u6f20\uff09\uff1bMissiones\uff08\u7c73\u897f\u5965\u5185\u65af\u7701\uff09\uff1bAttiki\uff08\u963f\u63d0\u5361\u5927\u533a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym<\/strong> applied to an areal feature.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme<\/strong> qui identifie un espace g\u00e9ographique.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> aplicado a un accidente superficial.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong>, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u9762\u72b6\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 toponym).<\/p>\n

029, 085 feature class<\/h4>\n

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feature class | classe d\u2019entit\u00e9s | clase de accidente | \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 |\u00a0\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645\u00a0| \u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u5206\u7c7b |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Grouping of topographic features with similar characteristics, to facilitate classification, search and retrieval.<\/p>\n

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Example: river, creek, brook, wadi etc., all classed under \u201cstream\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble d’\u00e9l\u00e9ments topographiques qui pr\u00e9sentent des traits physiques similaires, facilitant la classification, la recherche et le rep\u00e9rage. Exemples : rivi\u00e8re, ruisseau; fleuve; oued; torrent; class\u00e9s comme \u00ab cours d’eau \u00bb.<\/p>\n

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Agrupamiento de elementos topogr\u00e1ficos con caracter\u00edsticas similares, para facilitar su clasificaci\u00f3n, b\u00fasqueda y recuperaci\u00f3 Ejemplo: r\u00edo, afluente, arroyo, torrente, etc\u00e9tera, clasificados todos ellos como ‘corriente’.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442. \u0434., \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u062e.\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

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\u628a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u5f52\u7eb3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77, \u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5206\u7c7b \u548c\u68c0\u7d22. \u5982: \u6cb3\u3001\u6c9f\u3001\u6eaa\u7b49, \u90fd\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8e\u6cb3\u6d41.<\/p>\n

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031, 146 colloquial language<\/h4>\n

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colloquial language | langue courante | lengua familiar | \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u4fd7\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Form of \u2192 language<\/strong> used in informal \u2192 speech<\/strong>, differing noticeably from that used in formal speech and writing. See also \u2192 dialect<\/strong>; \u2192 diglossia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de \u2192 langue<\/strong> parl\u00e9e utilis\u00e9e dans l\u2019usage familier et qui diff\u00e8re notablement de la langue ch\u00e2ti\u00e9e ou litt\u00e9raire. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 dialecte<\/strong> \u2192 diglossie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Forma de la \u2192 lengua<\/strong>, que se usa en el \u2192 habla informal<\/strong> y que difiere apreciablemente del habla y la escritura formales. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 dialecto<\/strong>; \u2192 diglosia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438<\/strong>, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/strong>; \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/strong>\u061b \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8a00\u8bed (\u2192\u00a0speech<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00(\u2192\u00a0language<\/strong>) \u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8a00\u8bed\u548c\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u6240\u7528\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u660e\u663e\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0dialect;<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0diglossia<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

A031, B211 commemorative name<\/h4>\n

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name, commemorative | nom comm\u00e9moratif | nombre propio conmemorativo | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 | \u7eaa\u5ff5\u6027\u5730\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a natural or man-made \u2192 geographical feature named after a person or after an event, as a way to honour or memorialize the respective person or event. Examples: Isla de Pascua (Easter Island, Chile); Sydney (Australia); Blyderivier (South Africa).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme d\u2019un \u2192 accident g\u00e9ographique nomm\u00e9 d\u2019apr\u00e8s une personne ou un \u00e9v\u00e9nement<\/p>\n

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pour honorer cette personne ou cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement ou perp\u00e9tuer son souvenir. Exemples : Isla de Pascuas (\u00cele de P\u00e2ques, Chili); Sydney (Australie); Blyderlvier (Afrique du Sud).<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435-\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0445\u0438 (\u0427\u0438\u043b\u0438); \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a (\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430).<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio de un \u2192 accidente geogr\u00e1fico natural o\u00a0artificial que toma su nombre de una persona o un acontecimiento a fin de honrar o conmemorar a dicha persona o acontecimiento. Ejemplos: Isla de Pascua (Chile), Sydney (Australia), Blyderivier (Sud\u00e1frica).<\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u4e00\u4eba\u6216\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u547d\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u4eba\u5de5\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u2192geographical feature\uff09\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u9882\u626c\u6216\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6709\u5173\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\uff1aIsla de Pascua\uff08\u667a\u5229\u590d\u6d3b\u8282\u5c9b\uff09\uff1bSydney\uff08\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6089\u5c3c\uff09\uff1bBlyderivier\uff08\u5357\u975e\u5e03\u83b1\u5fb7\u5229\u7ef4\u57c3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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032, 212 composite name<\/h4>\n

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composite name | expression toponymique | nombre compuesto | \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u00a0| \u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym<\/strong> consisting of a \u2192 generic element<\/strong> and a \u2192 specific element<\/strong>, or of a specific element consisting of more than one word.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Mount Cook; Newport; Newfoundland; Kemijoki; Rostov na Donu; Sierra Nevada Oriental; Stoke on Trent. Complementary term: \u2192 simplex name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme<\/strong> compos\u00e9 d\u2019un \u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ment g\u00e9n\u00e9rique<\/strong> et d\u2019un \u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ment sp\u00e9cifique<\/strong>, ou d\u2019un \u00e9l\u00e9ment sp\u00e9cifique comportant plus d\u2019un mot.<\/p>\n

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Exemples \uff1a Mount Cook; Newfoundland; Kemijoki; Rostov na Donu; Cosne-sur-Loire. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire\uff1a \u2192 toponyme<\/strong> simple.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> que consta de un \u2192 elemento gen\u00e9rico<\/strong> y de otro \u2192 elemento espec\u00edfico<\/strong>, o de un elemento espec\u00edfico que consta de m\u00e1s de una palabra.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Mount Cook; Newport; Newfoundland; Kemijoki; Rostov na Donu; Sierra Nevada Oriental; Stoke on Trent. T\u00e9rmino complementario \uff1a \u2192 nombre propio simple<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong> \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Mount Cook; Newport; Newfoundland; Kemijoki; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u043d\u0430-\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0443; Sierra Nevada Oriental; Stoke on Trent. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0648 \u2190 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0640\u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: (\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0643) Mount Cook\u061b \u0648 (\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a) Newport\u061b\u00a0\u0648 (\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0640\u062f) Newfoundland\u061b \u0648(\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0643\u064a) Kemijoki\u061b \u0648 (\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648) Rostov na Donu\u061b \u0648 (\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629) Sierra Nevada Oriental\u061b \u0648 (\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a) Stoke on Trent. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u540d\u6210\u5206 (\u2192 generic element<\/strong>) \u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u540d\u6210 \u5206 (\u2192 specific element<\/strong>) ,\u6216\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e13\u540d\u6210\u5206 \u6784\u6210\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Mount Cook (\u5e93\u514b \u5c71); Newport (\u65b0\u6e2f); Newfoundland (\u7ebd\u82ac\u5170); Kemijoki (\u51ef\u7c73\u6cb3); Rostov na Donu (\u987f\u6cb3\u7554\u7f57\u65af\u6258 \u592b) ; Sierra Nevada Oriental (\u4e1c\u5185\u534e\u8fbe\u5c71) ; Stoke on Trent (\u7279\u4f26\u7279\u6cb3\u7554\u65af\u6258\u514b). \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 simplex name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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033, 213 compound name<\/h4>\n

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compound name | |\u00a0nombre compuesto |\u00a0\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 |\u00a0\u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> composite name.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> expression toponymique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> nombre compuesto<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: name, composite .<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u5730\u540d<\/p>\n

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037 consonant<\/h4>\n

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consonant | consonne | consonante | \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442 |\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a | \u8f85\u97f3 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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One of the two main classes of \u2192 speech<\/strong> sounds, produced by a constriction or closure at one or more points in the breath channel. Examples: \/b\/, \/c\/, \/d\/, \/f\/ sounds. Complementary term: \u2192 vowel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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L\u2019une des deux classes principales des sons de la \u2192 parole<\/strong>, comportant une obstruction, totale ou partielle, en un ou plusieurs points du conduit vocal. Exemples : \/b\/, \/c\/, \/d\/, \/f\/. Voir aussi \u2192 voyelle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Una de las dos clases principales de los sonidos del \u2192 habla<\/strong>, en cuya pronunciaci\u00f3n se interrumpe en alg\u00fan punto del canal de la voz el paso del aire espirado, como en los sonidos \/p\/ o \/t\/, o se produce una estrechez que los hace salir con fricaci\u00f3n, como en el sonido \/f\/. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 vocal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \/\u0431\/, \/\u0432\/, \/\u0433\/, \/\u0434\/ \u0438 \u0442. \u0434. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0623\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \/b\/, \/c\/, \/d\/, \/f\/. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4e0e\u5143\u97f3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77,\u662f\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192 speech<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u522b\u4e4b \u4e00, \u53d1\u97f3\u65f6, \u6c14\u6d41\u5728\u53d1\u97f3\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u51e0\u90e8\u5206\u53d7 \u6709\u963b\u788d\u800c\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u97f3. \u5982: \/b\/, \/c\/, \/d\/, W. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 vowel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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038, 162 consonant letter<\/h4>\n

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consonant letter | lettre-consonne | letra consonante | \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 |\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\/\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u00a0| \u8f85\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192\u00a0Letter<\/strong> of an \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> representing a consonant.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Roman b, d; Greek \u03b2, \u03b4; Thai \u0e02, \u0e14; Arabic \u062f ,\u0628 ; Korean \u5eff, \u5338.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lettre<\/strong> d\u2019un \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> repr\u00e9sentant une consonne.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> latin b, d; grec\u03b2, \u03b4; thai \u0e02, \u0e14; arabe \u062f ,\u0628 ; cor\u00e9en \u5eff, \u5338.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Letra<\/strong> de un \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong> que representa un sonido y articulaci\u00f3n consonantes.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> la b y la d romanas; la \u03b2 y la \u03b4 griegas; la \u0e02 y la \u0e14 de tai; las \u062f ,\u0628 \u00e1rabes; las \u5eff,\u5338coreanas.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430<\/strong> \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 b, d; \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u03b2, \u03b4; \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0e02 \u0438 \u0e14 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u062f ,\u0628 ; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u5eff,\u5338.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0623\u0628\u0640\u0640\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0640\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: b \u0648 d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u03b2 \u0648 \u03b4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648 \u0e02 \u0648 \u0e14 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u5eff \u0648 \u5338 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5982:\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd b, d; \u5e0c \u814a\u5b57\u6bcd \u03b2, \u03b4; \u6cf0\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd \u0e02, \u0e14; \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5b57\u6bcd \u062f ,\u0628 ; \u671d\u9c9c\u5b57\u5eff, \u5338\u3002<\/p>\n

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039, 285 consonant script<\/h4>\n

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consonant script | | | \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a | \u8f85\u97f3\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> defective alphabetic script.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique d\u00e9fective.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> escritura alfab\u00e9tica defectiva.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: script, defective alphabetic.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57.<\/p>\n

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040, 214 conventional name<\/h4>\n

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conventional name | | ex\u00f3nimo | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u00a0 \u60ef\u7528\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> exonym. In English usage: the term for \u2192\u00a0exonym.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> exonyme.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> ex\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631<\/em>: exonym. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0640\u00a0 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d.<\/p>\n

041 conversion<\/h4>\n

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conversion | conversion | conversi\u00f3n | \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644) | \u8bd1\u5199 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In toponymy, the process of transferring the \u2192 phonological and\/or \u2192 morphologial elements of a particular language to another, or from one \u2192 script to another. Conversion is effected by either \u2192 transcription or \u2192 transliteration.<\/p>\n

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Transposition d’un nom de lieu d’une langue vers une autre langue, l’adaptant aux r\u00e8gles \u2192 phonologiques ou morphologiques, ou \u00e0 \u0413\u2192 \u00e9criture de cette derni\u00e8re. La conversion s’effectue soit par \u2192 transcription, soit par \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n

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En toponimia, acci\u00f3n y efecto de transferir los elementos \u2192 fonol\u00f3gicos y\/o \u2192 morfol\u00f3gicos de una lengua a otra o de una \u2192 escritura a otra. La conversi\u00f3n se puede realizar por \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n o por \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629) <\/strong>\u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u95f4\u7684\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192 phonological) \u548c\/\u6216\u5f62\u6001\u7684 (\u2192 morphological) , \u6216\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b. \u7531\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 transcription) \u6216\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration) \u6765\u5b9e\u73b0.<\/p>\n

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042 conversion alphabet<\/h4>\n

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conversion alphabet | alphabet de conversion | alfabeto de conversi\u00f3n | \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 |\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 | \u8bd1\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> used in names \u2192 conversion<\/strong>. Comprehensive term for \u2192 transcription alphabet<\/strong> and \u2192 transliteration alphabet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alphabet<\/strong> utilis\u00e9 pour la \u2192 conversion<\/strong> d’un nom de lieu, soit d’une forme orale \u00e0 une forme \u00e9crite alphabet de transcription), soit d’une forme \u00e9crite \u00e0 une autre forme \u00e9crite alphabet de translit\u00e9ration).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alfabeto<\/strong> utilizado en la \u2192 conversi\u00f3n<\/strong> de nombres. Es un t\u00e9rmino general utilizado para \u2192 alfabeto de transcripci\u00f3n<\/strong> y \u2192 alfabeto de transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442<\/strong>, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0640\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a <\/strong>\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u8bd1\u5199 (\u2192 conversion<\/strong>) \u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet<\/strong>). \u662f\u97f3\u8bd1\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 transcription alphabet<\/strong>) \u548c\u8f6c\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 transliteration alphabet<\/strong>) \u7684\u603b\u79f0.<\/p>\n

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043 conversion table<\/h4>\n

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conversion table | tableau de conversion | tabla de conversi\u00f3n | \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 | \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00a0|\u8bd1\u5199\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Comprehensive term for \u2192 transcription key<\/strong> and \u2192 transliteration key<\/strong>. See also \u2192 romanization key<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Expression regroupant celles de \u2192 tableau de transcription<\/strong> et \u2192 tableau de translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong>. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 tableau de romanisation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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T\u00e9rmino que comprende tanto \u2192 clave de transcripci\u00f3n<\/strong> como \u2192 clave de transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 clave de romanizaci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0640\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u97f3\u8bd1\u8868 (\u2192 transcription key<\/strong>) \u548c\u8f6c\u5199\u8868 (\u2192 transliteration key<\/strong>) \u7684\u7edf\u79f0. \u53c2\u89c1281 \u2192 romanization key.<\/strong><\/p>\n

044 geographical coordinates<\/h4>\n

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geographical coordinates | coordonn\u00e9es g\u00e9ographique | coordenadas geogr\u00e1ficas | \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 | \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The (spheroidal) net or graticule of lines of latitude (parallels) numbered 0\u00b0-90\u00b0 north and south of the equator, and lines of longitude (meridians) numbered 0\u00b0-180\u00b0 east and west of the international zero meridian of Greenwich, used to define location on the Earth\u2019s surface (disregarding altitude) with the aid of angular measure (degrees, minutes and seconds of arc).<\/p>\n

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(b) The value of a point referred to this graticule.<\/p>\n

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a) R\u00e9seau (sph\u00e9ro\u00efde) ou quadrillage des lignes de latitude (parall\u00e8les) num\u00e9rot\u00e9es de 0\u00b0 \u00e0 90\u00b0 au nord et au sud de l\u2019\u00e9quateur et des lignes de longitude (m\u00e9ridiens) num\u00e9rot\u00e9es de 0\u00b0 \u00e0 180\u00b0 \u00e0 l\u2019est et \u00e0 l\u2019ouest du m\u00e9ridien de Greenwich (0\u00b0), servant \u00e0 d\u00e9finir par quantit\u00e9 angulaire (degr\u00e9s, minutes, secondes) la position d\u2019un point sur la surface de la Terre (sans tenir compte de l\u2019altitude);<\/p>\n

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b) Valeur d\u2019un point dans ce quadrillage cartographique.<\/p>\n

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1. La red o cuadr\u00edcula formada sobre la esfera por las l\u00edneas de latitud (paralelos) numerados de 0\u00b0 a 90\u00b0 hacia el Norte y el Sur del Ecuador, y por las l\u00edneas de longitud (meridianos) numerados de 0\u00b0 a 180\u00b0 hacia el Este y el Oeste del meridiano 0 internacional de Greenwich, y que es usada para definir la situaci\u00f3n de un punto sobre la superficie de la Tierra (sin tener en cuenta su altitud) con la ayuda de medidas angulares (grados, minutos y segundos de arco).<\/p>\n

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2. El valor de un punto en esa cuadr\u00edcula.<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b (\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439), \u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 0\u00b0 \u0434\u043e 90\u00b0 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u044e\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0442\u044b (\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432), \u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 0\u00b0 \u0434\u043e 180\u00b0 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b) \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u044b, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0438).<\/p>\n

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b) \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 0\u00b0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 90\u00b0 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 0\u00b0\u0625\u0644\u0649 180\u00b0\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 (\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633).<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u6307\u4ece\u8d64\u9053\u5411\u5357\u5317\u5404\u52060\u00b0-90\u00b0\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u7eac\u5ea6\u7ebf\u548c \u4ece\u683c\u6797\u5a01\u6cbb\u96f6\u5ea6\u56fd\u9645\u5b50\u5348\u7ebf\u5411\u4e1c\u897f\u5404\u52060\u00b0-180\u00b0\u6784\u6210\u7684 \u7ecf\u7ebf\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7403\u9762\u7f51\u6216\u5236\u56fe\u7f51\u683c, \u5229\u7528\u89d2\u5ea6\u91cf\u6d4b (\u7528\u5ea6\u3001 \u5206\u3001\u79d2) \u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e (\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u9ad8\u7a0b).<\/p>\n

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(b) \u4e0a\u8ff0\u5750\u6807\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u70b9\u503c.<\/p>\n

045, 276 rectangular coordinates<\/h4>\n

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coordinates, rectangular\u00a0| coordonn\u00e9es rectangulaires | coordenadas rectangulares | \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b\u00a0| \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 | \u76f4\u89d2\u5750\u6807 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) Grid of plane coordinates consisting\u00a0of two sets of straight lines at right angles\u00a0to each other and with equal units of\u00a0measure on both axes, as in true Cartesian\u00a0coordinates, such as the \u2192UTM grid; or\u00a0having different units of measure as in\u00a0some cartographic projections such as the\u00a0original Mercator projection.<\/p>\n

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(b) The values of a point referred to such\u00a0a grid.<\/p>\n

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a) Quadrillage de coordonn\u00e9es dans un plan,\u00a0permettant de d\u00e9finir la distance d’un point\u00a0d’un plan \u00e0 l’un des deux axes rectangulaires\u00a0marqu\u00e9s d’unit\u00e9s de mesure \u00e9gales, comme\u00a0dans les coordonn\u00e9es cart\u00e9siennes orthogonales,\u00a0telles du-> quadrillage MTU; ou marqu\u00e9s\u00a0d’unit\u00e9s de mesure diff\u00e9rentes, comme dans\u00a0certaines projections cartographiques telles que\u00a0la projection de Mercator originale.<\/p>\n

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b) Valeurs d\u00e9finissant un point dans ce\u00a0quadrillage.<\/p>\n

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a) Red formada por dos grupos de l\u00edneas rectas paralelas a\u00a0dos ejes que se cortan entre s\u00ed en \u00e1ngulo recto y con\u00a0unidades de medida iguales en ambos ejes, como en unas\u00a0coordenadas cartesianas exactas, por ejemplo, la\u00a0\u2192cuadr\u00edcula UTM; o con unidades de medida\u00a0diferentes, como en determinadas proyecciones\u00a0cartogr\u00e1ficas, por ejemplo, la proyecci\u00f3n original de\u00a0Mercator.<\/p>\n

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b) El valor de un punto en esa red.<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00a0\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u00a0\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 (\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u00a0\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u2192\u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435\u00a0UTM) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00a0\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430) \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7531\u4e24\u7ec4\u76f4\u7ebf\u5782\u76f4\u76f8\u4ea4\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u5750\u6807\u7f51\u3002\u5404\u7ec4\u76f4\u7ebf\u7ebf\u4e0e\u7ebf\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u7b49\u957f\uff0c\u5982\u7cbe\u786e\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u5217\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u7528\u6a2a\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6295\u5f71\u683c\u7f51\uff08\u2192UTM grid\uff09\uff1b\u6216\u5982\u539f\u59cb\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\u7b49\u4e00\u4e9b\u5236\u56fe\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ebf\u4e0e\u7ebf\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

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(b) \u4e0a\u8ff0\u683c\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u70b9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

046 topographic coordinates<\/h4>\n

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topographic coordinates | | | \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> rectangular coordinates<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 (coordinates, rectangular)<\/p>\n

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047 creole<\/h4>\n

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creole | cr\u00e9ole | criollo | \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a | (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644 (\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 | \u6df7\u5408\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A stable form of speech, derived from a \u2192 pidgin, that has be\u00adcome the sole or \u2192 principal language of a \u2192 speech community.<\/p>\n

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Example: Haitian creole (derived from French).<\/p>\n

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Langue, essentiellement parl\u00e9e, originellement de m\u00eame type que les \u2192 pidgins, devenue la langue unique ou la \u2192 langue principale d’une \u2192 communaut\u00e9 linguistique. Exemples \uff1a cr\u00e9oles fran\u00e7ais d’Ha\u00efti, de la Martinique et de la Guadeloupe; cr\u00e9ole anglais de la Jama\u00efque.<\/p>\n

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Se dice de los idiomas que surgidos en comunidades precisadas a convivir con otras de diferente lengua, est\u00e1n constituidos por elementos procedentes de ambas lenguas y que se han convertido en la \u2192 lengua principal de una \u2192 comunidad de hablantes. Ejemplo: el criollo haitiano (derivado del franc\u00e9s).<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0433\u0430\u0438\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a (\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e).<\/p>\n

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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

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\u6e90\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u6df7\u6742\u8bed (\u2192 pidgin) \u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u8a00\u8bed, \u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u8a00\u8bed \u793e\u56e2\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 principal language). \u5982: \u6d77\u5730\u4eba\u8bb2\u7684\u6e90\u4e8e\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u8bed.<\/p>\n

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048 cultural feature<\/h4>\n

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cultural feature | |\u00a0accidente artificial | \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 | \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a |\u00a0\u4eba\u5de5\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> man-made feature.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> entit\u00e9 topographique artificielle.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> accidente artificial.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c.<\/em> \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: (feature, man-made).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u4eba\u5de5\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53.<\/p>\n

053 data dictionary<\/h4>\n

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data dictionary | r\u00e9pertoire de donn\u00e9es | diccionario de datos | \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 | \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a | \u6570\u636e\u5b57\u5178 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Catalogue of definitions of the contents of a \u2192 digital data base, including \u2192 data element reference labels, \u2192 file formats, internal reference codes and text entry, as well as their relationships.<\/p>\n

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Catalogue contenant la description des \u00e9tiquettes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence des \u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ments de donn\u00e9es, des champs, du \u2192 format, des codes internes et du mode de saisie du texte, ainsi que des relations entre \u00e9l\u00e9ments d’une \u2192 base de donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

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Cat\u00e1logo de definiciones de los contenidos de una \u2192 base de datos digital, que incluye las etiquetas de referencia de los \u2192 elementos de datos, los \u2192 formatos de archivo, los c\u00f3digos de referencia interna y las entradas de texto, as\u00ed como sus interrelaciones.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2190\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00a0<\/strong>\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/strong> \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u6570\u5b57\u6570\u636e\u5e93 (\u2192 digital data base) \u4e2d\u5404\u9879\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49 \u7684\u76ee\u5f55, \u5305\u62ec\u6570\u636e\u5143 (\u2192 data element) \u7684\u57fa\u51c6\u6807\u53f7\u3001 \u6587\u4ef6\u683c\u5f0f (\u2192 file formats) \u3001\u5185\u90e8\u53c2\u8003\u7801\u3001\u6587\u672c\u8f93\u5165\u53ca \u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb.<\/p>\n

055 data element<\/h4>\n

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data element | \u00e9l\u00e9ment de donn\u00e9es | elemento de dato | \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 |\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a | \u6570\u636e\u5143 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Description of a basic unit of identifiable and definable information to occupy a specific \u2192 data field in a \u2192 computer record.<\/p>\n

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Example: \u201cDate of ratification of name by the names authority\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Description d’une unit\u00e9 minimale d’information identifiable devant occuper un \u2192 champ de donn\u00e9es d\u00e9termin\u00e9 dans un \u2192 enregistrement. Exemple : date d’approbation d’un nom par une autorit\u00e9 toponymique.<\/p>\n

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Descripci\u00f3n de una unidad b\u00e1sica de informaci\u00f3n identificable y definible que va a ocupar un \u2192 campo de datos en un \u2192 archivo de ordenador. Ejemplo: “la fecha de ratificaci\u00f3n de un nombre por la autoridad en nombres geogr\u00e1ficos”.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u2192 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u2192 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u00ab\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0635\u0640\u0641 \u0644\u0640\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0640\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0642\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u201d\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u201c.<\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bb0\u5f55 (\u2192 computer record) \u4e2d\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u6570\u636e \u5b57\u6bb5 (\u2192 data field) \u4e2d\u53ef\u8fa8\u8ba4\u548c\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355 \u5143\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0. \u5982: \u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784\u6279\u51c6\u5730\u540d\u7684\u65e5\u671f.<\/p>\n

060 default value<\/h4>\n

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default value | valeur implicite | valor por defecto | \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e |\u00a0\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 | \u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u5b9a\u503c |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In computer processing, an option chosen by the computer automatically in the absence of explicit instructions by the human operator.<\/p>\n

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En informatique, valeur attribu\u00e9e automatiquement \u00e0 un param\u00e8tre en l’absence d’un choix sp\u00e9cifique effectu\u00e9 par l’utilisateur.<\/p>\n

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En el proceso por ordenador, una opci\u00f3n elegida autom\u00e1ticamente por el ordenador en ausencia de instrucciones expl\u00edcitas dadas por el operador humano.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0647\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5904\u7406\u4e2d, \u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u5458\u4e0d\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u4ee4\u65f6, \u7531\u8ba1\u7b97 \u673a\u81ea\u52a8\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u9879.<\/p>\n

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061, 286 defective alphabetic script<\/h4>\n

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defective alphabetic script | \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique d\u00e9fective | escritura alfab\u00e9tica defectiva | \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 | \u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587 \u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alphabetic script in which the letters exclusively or predominantly represent \u2192 consonants, \u2192 vowels being exclusively or primarily represented by non-letter \u2192 markers in the form of dots or bars above, below or within the \u2192 consonant letters.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Arabic and Hebrew. See also \u2192 vowel marker.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture alphab\u00e9tique dans laquelle les lettres repr\u00e9sentent soit exclusivement, soit en tr\u00e8s grande majorit\u00e9, des sons consonantiques, les voyelles \u00e9tant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement not\u00e9es par des \u2192 marqueurs vocaliques (points ou traits) plac\u00e9s au-dessus, au-dessous ou \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des caract\u00e8res consonantiques. Exemples \uff1a les \u00e9critures arabe et h\u00e9bra\u00efque. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 marqueur vocalique; point-voyelle.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Escritura alfab\u00e9tica en la que las letras representan exclusiva o predominantemente \u2192 consonantes, mientras que las \u2192 vocales est\u00e1n representadas exclusiva o fundamentalmente por \u2192 signos auxiliares, no letras, en forma de puntos o barras colocadas encima, debajo o en las \u2192 letras consonantes. Ejemplos: las escrituras \u00e1rabe y hebrea. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 signo auxiliar vocal.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0438; \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0434\/\u043f\u043e\u0434 \u2192 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 <\/strong>\u0648 \u2190 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u53ea\u8868\u793a\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 alphabetic script). \u8868\u793a\u5143 \u97f3 (\u2192 vowels) \u662f\u5728\u8f85\u97f3 (\u2192 consonants) \u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u4e0a \u65b9\u3001\u4e0b\u65b9\u6216\u4e2d\u95f4\u52a0\u975e\u5b57\u6bcd\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 markers) ,\u5706\u70b9 “-“\u6216\u957f\u5212”\u4e00”\u8868\u793a. \u5982: \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u548c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 marker, vowel.<\/p>\n

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062 descriptive term<\/h4>\n

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descriptive term | d\u00e9signation cartographique | t\u00e9rmino descriptivo | \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d |\u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a | \u8bf4\u660e\u6027\u6ce8\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A word (usually a common noun, an adjective or a phrase), e.g. printed in a map, that designates a \u2192 topographic feature by its properties, but that does not constitute a \u2192 toponym.<\/p>\n

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Examples: airfield; canal; water tower; perennial, seasonal (for streams).<\/p>\n

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Terme sp\u00e9cifique (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un nom commun, un adjectif ou une locution, mais pas un \u2192 toponyme), figurant ur une carte par exemple, qui d\u00e9signe une \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique par l’indication de ses caract\u00e9ristiques. Exemples : cimeti\u00e8re; piste d’atterrissage; permanent, saisonnier (pour un cours d’eau).<\/p>\n

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Una palabra (usualmente un nombre com\u00fan, un adjetivo o una frase), por ejemplo, impresa en un mapa, que designa un \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico por sus propiedades pero que no es un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo. Ejemplos: aeropuerto; dep\u00f3sito de agua; canal; permanente, estacional (para las corrientes).<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430), \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435; \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b; \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432).<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629) \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 (\u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a).<\/p>\n

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\u6807\u6ce8\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u8bf4\u660e\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u7279\u6027 (\u2192 topographic feature) \u7684\u8bcd\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6216\u77ed\u8bed). \u8be5 \u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym). \u5982: \u673a\u573a\u3001\u8fd0\u6cb3\u3001\u6c34 \u5854\u3001\u5e38\u5e74 (\u6cb3) \u3001\u5b63\u8282 (\u6cb3).<\/p>\n

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063 designation<\/h4>\n

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designation | |\u00a0t\u00e9rmino descriptivo | \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 |\u00a0\u8bf4\u660e\u6027\u6ce8\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> descriptive term.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> d\u00e9signation cartographique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> t\u00e9rmino descriptivo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a (descriptive term).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u8bf4\u660e\u6027\u6ce8\u8bb0.<\/p>\n

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064 diacritic<\/h4>\n

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diacritic | signe diacritique | diacr\u00edtico | \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a; \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 | \u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A sign, usually small, placed above, below or across a \u2192 letter<\/strong> or group of letters in order to change the \u2192 phonemic<\/strong> value of the original letter(s), or to denote stress or tone, or to distinguish between two words.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> German \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc; \u0161 and \u010d in the romanization of Russian Cyrillic \u0448 and \u0447; \u05b7h in the romanization of Hebrew; Polish \u0142; Romanian \u0163; French o\u00f9<\/em> (where) as against ou<\/em> (or). See also \u2192 marker<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Signe graphique secondaire, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de petite taille, plac\u00e9 conventionnellement au-dessus, au-dessous ou au travers d\u2019une \u2192 lettre<\/strong> ou d\u2019un groupe de lettres ordinaires, et dont la fonction principale est d\u2019en modifier la valeur phon\u00e9tique habituelle.<\/p>\n

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Exemple:<\/em> en fran\u00e7ais, le \u00ab c \u00bb devant \u00ab a \u00bb transcrit le son \/k\/, comme dans cadeau, et avec une c\u00e9dille il transcrit le son \/s\/ comme dans \u00e7a; \u0161 et \u010d dans la romanisation du russe cyrillique, \u05b7h pour l\u2019h\u00e9breu, le \u0142 polonais, le \u0163 roumain. Voir aussi \u2192 marker<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Signo ortogr\u00e1fico, generalmente peque\u00f1o, colocado encima, debajo o a trav\u00e9s de una \u2192 letra<\/strong> o grupo de letras para cambiar el valor \u2192 fonem\u00e1tico<\/strong> de la(s) letra(s) original(es), para significar intensidad o tono o para distinguir dos palabras.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> En alem\u00e1n, \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc; en espa\u00f1ol, \u00fc; en la romanizaci\u00f3n del ruso cir\u00edlico, \u0161 y \u010d; en la del hebreo, \u05b7h; en polaco, \u0142; en rumano, \u0163; en franc\u00e9s o\u00f9<\/em> (donde) frente a ou <\/em>(o). V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 signo auxiliar<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0417\u043d\u0430\u043a, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435, \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b<\/strong>\/\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong> \u0435\u0435\/\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc; \u0161 \u0438 \u010d \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u05b7h \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0142; \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0163; \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c o\u00f9<\/em> (\u00ab\u0433\u0434\u0435\u00bb) \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 ou<\/em> (\u00ab\u0438\u043b\u0438\u00bb). \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0640\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, \u0161 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u010d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 h \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0640\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0142 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u0163 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 (\u0623\u064a\u0646) o\u00f9<\/em> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0646 ou <\/em>(\u0623\u0648) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629) <\/strong>marker.<\/p>\n

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\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u539f\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phonemic<\/strong>) \u503c, \u6216\u8868\u793a\u91cd\u97f3 \u6216\u97f3\u8c03, \u6216\u628a\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u9694\u5f00\u800c\u52a0\u5728\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter<\/strong>) \u6216\u5b57 \u6bcd\u7ec4\u4e0a\u9762\u3001\u4e0b\u9762\u6216\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u5c0f\u7b26\u53f7.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u5fb7\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd \u00e4, \u00f6, \u03cb, \u0161 \u548c \u010d \u5728\u4fc4\u8bed\u897f\u91cc\u5c14\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5316\u5b57\u6bcd \u0448 \u548c \u0447; \u5e0c\u4f2f \u6765\u8bed\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5316\u5b57\u6bcd \u05b7h; \u6ce2\u5170\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd \u0142; \u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd \u0163; \u6cd5\u8bed\u8bcd o\u00f9 (\u8bcd\u4e49\u4e3a”\u54ea\u91cc”), \u800c ou \u8bcd\u4e49\u4e3a “\u6216”. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 marker<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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065 diacritical mark<\/h4>\n

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diacritical mark | |\u00a0diacr\u00edtico | \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a | \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 |\u00a0\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> diacritic.<\/p>\n

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Voir <\/em>signe diacritique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase <\/em>diacr\u00edtico.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: diacritic.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7.<\/p>\n

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065, 301 diacritical sign<\/h4>\n

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diacritical sign | |\u00a0diacr\u00edtico | \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a | \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 |\u00a0\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> diacritic.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> signe diacritique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> diacr\u00edtico.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: diacritic.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7.<\/p>\n

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066 dialect<\/h4>\n

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dialect | dialecte | dialecto | \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 |\u00a0\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 | \u65b9\u8a00 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Regionally or socially distinctive variety of a \u2192 language, characterized and identified by a particular set of words, grammatical structures and pronunciation. The distinction between \u2192 dialect and \u2192 language is sometimes difficult to establish. See also \u2192 diglossia; \u2192 vernacular.<\/p>\n

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Forme d\u2019une \u2192 langue caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par un ensemble lexical, syntaxique et phon\u00e9tique particulier, utilis\u00e9e dans un environnement r\u00e9gional ou social, plus restreint que la langue elle-m\u00eame. La distinction entre \u2192 dialecte et \u2192 langue est parfois difficile \u00e0 \u00e9tablir. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 diglossie \u2192 langue vernaculaire.<\/p>\n

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Cada una de las variedades de una \u2192 lengua, caracterizadas respectivamente por cierto n\u00famero de rasgos peculiares en las palabras, estructura gramatical y pronunciaci\u00f3n, que se usan en determinados territorios o por capas sociales de una naci\u00f3n, pero sin diferenciaci\u00f3n suficiente frente a otros de origen com\u00fan. Con frecuencia es dif\u00edcil establecer la distinci\u00f3n entre \u2192 dialecto y \u2192 lengua. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 diglosia; \u2192 vern\u00e1culo.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0639\u0640\u064a \u0645\u0640\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0640\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0640\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u56e0\u5730\u57df\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u800c \u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u53d8\u4f53, \u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u7ed3\u6784\u548c \u53d1\u97f3\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u7279\u8272. \u65b9\u8a00\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u6709\u65f6\u5f88\u96be \u5224\u65ad. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 diglossia; \u2192vernacular.<\/p>\n

067, 113 geographical dictionary<\/h4>\n

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geographical dictionary | dictionnaire g\u00e9ographique | diccionario geogr\u00e1fico | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c |\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u7406\u8bcd\u5178 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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List of geographical terms and\/or names, usually arranged in \u2192 alphabetic order, providing definitions, explanatory information or descriptive data for each item.<\/p>\n

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R\u00e9pertoire de termes ou de noms g\u00e9ographiques, ou les deux, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement class\u00e9s selon l’\u2192 ordre alphab\u00e9tique, qui comporte des d\u00e9finitions, des explications ou des donn\u00e9es descriptives pour chacune des entr\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

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Cat\u00e1logo o lista de t\u00e9rminos usuales en los estudios geogr\u00e1ficos y\/o de top\u00f3nimos, normalmente dispuesto en orden \u2192 alfab\u00e9tico, con definiciones, informaci\u00f3n aclaratoria o datos descriptivos de cada elemento.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435, \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0640\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0640\u062c\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n

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\u901a\u5e38\u6309\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabetical) \u987a\u5e8f\u7f16\u6392\u7684\u5730\u7406\u672f\u8bed \u548c\/\u6216\u540d\u79f0\u8868, \u8be5\u8868\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u8bcd\u6761\u90fd\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49, \u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u8bf4 \u660e\u8d44\u6599.<\/p>\n

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070 diglossia<\/h4>\n

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diglossia | diglossie | diglosia | \u0434\u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a | \u53cc\u8a00\u5236 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A relatively stable linguistic situation in which two different varieties of a single \u2192 language<\/strong> co-occur in a \u2192 linguistic community<\/strong>, one (the \u201chigh\u201d variety) usually being the more formal and prestigious; the other (the \u201clow\u201d) variety being used in more informal settings, chiefly in conversation. Examples: Greek Kathar\u00e9vousa (\u201chigh\u201d) and Dhimotiki (\u201clow\u201d); Arabic al-fu\u015f\u1e29a and al-\u2018amm\u012byah; in Swiss German: Hochdeutsch and Schwyzerd\u00fctsch. In a wider sense also, a co-occurrence of two unrelated languages, such as Spanish and Guarani in Paraguay.<\/p>\n

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Situation relativement stable o\u00f9 une \u2192 communaut\u00e9 linguistique<\/strong> utilise, selon les circonstances, une \u2192 langue<\/strong> plus famili\u00e8re et de moindre prestige (souvent dans la conversation), ou une autre langue plus recherch\u00e9e ou plus litt\u00e9raire. Exemples : la katharevousa et la d\u00e9motique en Gr\u00e8ce; le Hochdeutsch et le Plattdeutsch en Allemagne; en arabe al-fusha et al-\u2019ammiyah. Dans un sens plus large, la diglossie peut d\u00e9signer la coexistence de deux langues sans rapport entre elles, comme l\u2019espagnol et le guarani au Paraguay.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Biling\u00fcismo<\/strong>, en especial cuando una lengua goza de prestigio o privilegios sociales o pol\u00edticos. Situaci\u00f3n relativamente estable en la que concurren en una \u2192 comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/strong> dos variedades diferentes de una misma \u2192 lengua<\/strong>, una de ellas (la \u2019superior\u2019) generalmente m\u00e1s compleja gramaticalmente, empleada mayormente en el uso escrito y en el habla solemne o respetuosa, y la otra (la \u2019inferior\u2019) empleada en situaciones m\u00e1s informales, principalmente en la conversaci\u00f3n ordinaria. Ejemplos: en griego, las variedades Kathar\u00e9vousa (\u2019superior\u2019) y Dhimotiki (\u2019inferior\u2019); en el alem\u00e1n suizo las variedades Hochdeutsch y Schwyzerd\u00fctsch; en \u00e1rabe las al-fu\u00e7ha y \u2019al-\u2019amm\u00efyah. En un sentido m\u00e1s amplio, la concurrencia de dos lenguas independientes como el espa\u00f1ol y el guaran\u00ed en Paraguay.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430<\/strong> \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435<\/strong>: \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d (\u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb) \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c; \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 (\u00ab\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb) \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0430 (\u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb) \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u00ab\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb); \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0444\u0443\u0441\u0445\u0430 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a (\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442); \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u2192 \u2192 co\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0432\u0430\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0649) \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0627\u064b\u064b\u064b\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u064b\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u063a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Kathar\u00e9vousa (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0649) \u0648 Dhimotiki (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0640\u0649) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b\u0648Hochdeutsch \u0648Schwyzerd\u00fctsch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u064b\u064b\u064b\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u5355\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5730\u4f4d \u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u53d8\u4f53\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a (\u2192 linguistic community<\/strong>) \u5185\u5171\u540c\u4f7f\u7528. “\u9ad8\u6807\u51c6\u8bed\u8a00”\u7528\u4e8e\u6b63\u5f0f\u573a\u5408\u548c\u4e66\u9762 \u8bed; “\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u8bed\u8a00”\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u573a\u5408,\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u53e3\u5934\u4ea4 \u8c08. \u5982: \u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u7684\u7eaf\u8bed\u548c\u6c11\u95f4\u8bed; \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8bed \u548c\u571f\u8bed; \u745e\u58eb\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed\u548c\u4f4e\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed; \u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bed\u8a00. \u5982: \u5df4\u62c9\u572d \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u548c\u74dc\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed.<\/p>\n

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071 diglossic<\/h4>\n

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diglossic | diglossique | digl\u00f3sico | \u0434\u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u00a0| \u53cc\u8a00\u5236\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Referring to \u2192 diglossia.<\/p>\n

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Qui concerne la \u2192 diglossie.<\/p>\n

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Referente a \u2192 diglosia.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 diglossia \u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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072 digraph<\/h4>\n

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digraph | digramme | d\u00edgrafo | \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 | \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a | \u5355\u97f3\u53cc\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Sequence of two \u2192 letters that represent a single \u2192 phoneme.<\/p>\n

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Examples: for \/\u00f2\/, sj in Dutch, ch in French, sh in English. In some languages, certain digraphs are listed separately in the alphabetic sequence, e.g. ll in Spanish, ch in Czech and Slovak. See also \u2192 ligature.<\/p>\n

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Groupe de deux \u2192 lettres employ\u00e9 pour transcrire un \u2192 phon\u00e8me unique. Exemple \uff1a pour le phon\u00e8me \/ j\/, existent les digrammes sh en anglais, ch en fran\u00e7ais, sj en n\u00e9erlandais. Il y a des langues o\u00f9 certains digrammes sont trait\u00e9s \u00e0 part dans l’ordre alphab\u00e9tique (ll en espagnol, ch en slovaque et en tch\u00e8que). Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 ligature.<\/p>\n

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Signo ortogr\u00e1fico compuesto de dos \u2192 letras, para representar un \u2192 fonema. Ejemplos: para el fonema \/}\/, sj en holand\u00e9s, ch en franc\u00e9s, sh en ingl\u00e9s. En algunas lenguas, ciertos d\u00edgrafos tienen un lugar propio en el orden alfab\u00e9tico, por ejemplo, ll en espa\u00f1ol, ch en checo y eslovaco. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 ligado.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0434\u043b\u044f \/1 \/ \u2192 sj \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435, ch \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, sh \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 ll \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, ch \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u0436 \u0438 \u0434\u0437 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: sj \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 ch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 sh \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \/\u222b\/. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0640\u062c\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 ll<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 ch<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\/\u062f\u0645\u062c\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter) \u7684\u7ec4\u5408. \u5982: \u8377 \u5170\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684sj,\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684ch,\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684sh,\u5747\u8868\u793a\u97f3\u4f4d \/\u03af\/. \u6709\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00, \u67d0\u4e9b\u5355\u97f3\u53cc\u5b57\u6bcd\u6309\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u88ab\u6392\u5165\u5b57 \u6bcd\u8868\u4e2d. \u5982: \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u7684\/\/,\u6377\u514b\u8bed\u548c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8bed\u7684 ch. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 ligature.<\/p>\n

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073 diphthong<\/h4>\n

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diphthong | diphtongue | diptongo | \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433 | \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u00a0| \u4e8c\u5408\u5143\u97f3 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Combination of two (or three, in \u2192 triphthong<\/strong>) vocalic elements in a single syllable. Examples: for \/a\u0131\/, ei in German \u201cbei\u201d, i in English \u201ctime\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Combination of two (or three, in triphthong) vocalic elements in a single syllable.<\/p>\n

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Examples: for \/a\u0131\/, ei in German \u201cbei\u201d, i in English \u201ctime\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Syllabe vocalique unique r\u00e9sultant de la combinaison, ou encore de la fusion en un seul \u00e9l\u00e9ment syllabique, de deux voyelles distinctes. Les triphtongues connaissent deux changements de timbre. Exemple : \/ai\/ dans l’anglais \u00ab fine \u00bb et l’allemand \u00ab mein \u00bb.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto de dos (o tres, en triptongo) vocales diferentes que se pronuncian en una sola s\u00edlaba. Ejemplos: para el fonema \/ai\/, ei en el alem\u00e1n “bei”, i en el ingl\u00e9s “time”.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u2192 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0445) \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0434\u043b\u044f [ai]: \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2192 ei \u0432 bei, \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2192 i \u0432 time.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0640\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 triphthong) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \/a\u0131\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 ei \u0641\u064a \u2019bei\u2018 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 i \u0641\u064a \u2019time\u2018 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u8282\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u6210\u5206\uff08\u4e09\u5408\u5143\u97f3\u5219\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u6210 \u5206) \u7684\u7ec4\u5408. \u5982: \u5fb7\u8bed”bei”\u4e2d\u7684ei,\u82f1\u8bed”time” \u4e2d\u7684 i, \u5747\u53d1 \/a\/ \u7684\u97f3.<\/p>\n

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074, 147 donor language<\/h4>\n

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donor language | | | \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0440 | \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0629 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> source language.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> langue de d\u00e9part.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase lengua de origen.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 (source language).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u539f\u8bed.<\/p>\n

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075, 287 donor script<\/h4>\n

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donor script | | | \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0440 | \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0629 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> source script.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> \u00e9criture de d\u00e9part.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> escritura de origen.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: script, source.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57.<\/p>\n

B075 dual names<\/h4>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Two names for the same feature; usually, but not always, in different languages and having the approval of a names authority (see also \u2192 multiple names<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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076 endonym<\/h4>\n

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endonym | endonyme | end\u00f3nimo | \u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a |\u5f53\u5730\u8bed\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a \u2192 geographical feature in an\u00a0official or well-established language\u00a0occurring in that area where the feature is\u00a0situated. Examples: V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b (not\u00a0Benares); Aachen (not Aix-la-Chapelle);\u00a0Krung Thep (not Bangkok); Al-Uq\u015fur (not\u00a0Luxor).<\/p>\n

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Appellation toponymique d’un \u2192\u00a0accident\u00a0g\u00e9ographique dans une langue officielle ou\u00a0bien \u00e9tablie de la r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 cet accident\u00a0g\u00e9ographique est situ\u00e9. Exemples : Varanas\u00ef\u00a0(non pas B\u00e9nar\u00e8s); Aachen (non pas Aix-laChapelle);\u00a0Krung Thep (non pas Bangkok);\u00a0K\u00f8benhavn (non pas Copenhague).<\/p>\n

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Nombre de un \u2192accidente geogr\u00e1fico en una lengua oficial\u00a0o en una de las lenguas utilizadas en la regi\u00f3n en la que se\u00a0localiza el accidente. Ejemplos: V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b (no Benar\u00e9s);\u00a0Aachen (no Aquisgr\u00e1n); Krung Thep (no Bangkok); Al-Uq\u015fur (no Luxor).<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u00a0\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438,\u00a0\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438 (\u043d\u0435\u00a0\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441); Aachen (\u043d\u0435 Aix-la-Chapelle); \u041a\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0433-\u0422\u0445\u0435\u043f (\u043d\u0435\u00a0\u0411\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043a\u043e\u043a); \u042d\u043b\u044c-\u0423\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0440 (\u043d\u0435 \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0440).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u2192geographical feature\uff09\u6240\u5728\u5730\u533a\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u7684V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b(\u74e6\u62c9\u7eb3\u897f)(\u4e0d\u662fBenares\uff0c\u8d1d\u62ff\u52d2\u65af)\uff1b\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684Aachen (\u4e9a\u741b)(\u4e0d\u662fAix-la-Chapelle\uff0c\u827e\u514b\u65af\u62c9\u6c99\u4f69\u52d2)\uff1b\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684Krung Thep(\u519b\u8d34)(\u4e0d\u662fBangkok\uff0c\u66fc\u8c37)\uff1b\u57c3\u53ca\u7684Al-Uq\u015fur(\u4e4c\u683c\u82cf\u5c14)(\u4e0d\u662fLuxor\uff0c\u5362\u514b\u7d22)\u3002<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a \u2192 geographical feature<\/strong> in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is situated.<\/p>\n

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Examples: V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b (not Benares); Aachen (not Aix-la-Chapelle); Krung Thep (not Bangkok); Al-Uq\u015fur (not Luxor).<\/p>\n

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Appellation toponymique d\u2019un \u2192 accident g\u00e9ographique<\/strong> dans une langue officielle ou bien \u00e9tablie de la r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 cet accident g\u00e9ographique est situ\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Exemples : V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b (non pas B\u00e9nar\u00e8s); Aachen (non pas Aix-la-Chapelle); Krung Thep (non pas Bangkok); K\u00f8benhavn (non pas Copenhague).<\/p>\n

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Nombre de un \u2192 accidente geogr\u00e1fico<\/strong> en una lengua oficial o en una de las lenguas utilizadas en la regi\u00f3n en la que se localiza el accidente.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b (no Benar\u00e9s); Aachen (no Aquisgr\u00e1n); Krung Thep (no Bangkok); Al-Uq\u015fur (no Luxor).<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong> \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d .<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438 (\u043d\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441); Aachen (\u043d\u0435 Aix-la-Chapelle); \u041a\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0433-\u0422\u0445\u0435\u043f (\u043d\u0435 \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043a\u043e\u043a); \u042d\u043b\u044c-\u0423\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0440 (\u043d\u0435 \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0440).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: V\u0101r\u0101nas\u012b (\u0644\u0627 Benares)\u061b \u0648 Aachen (\u0644\u0627 Aix-la-Chapelle)\u061b \u0648Krung Thep (\u0644\u0627 Bangkok)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 al-Uq\u015fur (\u0644\u0627 Luxor).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u6240\u5728\u5730\u533a\u5f53\u5730\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540d\u79f0. \u5982: \u5370\u5ea6 \u7684V\u00e2r\u00e2nas\u00ef (\u74e6\u62c9\u7eb3\u897f)\uff08\u4e0d\u662fBenares,\u8d1d\u62ff\u52d2\u65af); \u5fb7\u56fd \u7684Aachen (\u4e9a\u741b)\uff08\u4e0d\u662fAix-la-Chapelle,\u827e\u514b\u65af\u62c9\u6c99\u4f69 \u52d2); \u6cf0\u56fd\u7684Krung Thep (\u8d21\u6cf0)\uff08\u4e0d\u662fBangkok,\u66fc\u8c37); \u57c3\u53ca\u7684al-Uq\u00e7ur (\u4e4c\u683c\u82cf\u5c14)\uff08\u4e0d\u662fLuxor,\u5362\u514b\u7d22).<\/p>\n

077 standardized endonym<\/h4>\n

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standardized endonym | endonyme normalis\u00e9 | end\u00f3nimo normalizado\u00a0|\u00a0\u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00a0|\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f\u00a0|\u6807\u51c6\u5f53\u5730\u8bed\u5730\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Endonym <\/strong>sanctioned by a names authority. Example:<\/em> among the \u2192\u00a0allonyms<\/strong> Hull and Kingston upon Hull (England), the latter is the standardized form.<\/p>\n

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Exemple\u00a0:<\/em> des \u2192 allonymes<\/strong> Hull et Kingston upon Hull (Angleterre), le dernier constitue la forme normalis\u00e9e, tout comme pour Valleyfield et Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, au Canada.\u2192 Endonyme<\/strong> approuv\u00e9 par une autorit\u00e9 toponymique officielle.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 End\u00f3nimo<\/strong> sancionado por una autoridad en nombres. Ejemplo:<\/em> entre los \u2192\u00a0al\u00f3nimos<\/strong> Hull y Kingston upon Hull (Inglaterra), el \u00faltimo es la forma normalizada.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong>, \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:\u2003\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u0413\u0443\u043b\u043b\u044c <\/em>\u0438 \u041a\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d-\u043d\u0430-\u0413\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0435<\/em>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0640\u062d\u0644\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0640\u0640\u064e\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 Hull<\/p>\n

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\u0648 Kingston upon Hull (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u8bed\u5730\u540d (\u2192 endonym<\/strong>)\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5730\u540dHull (\u8d6b\u5c14) \u548cKingston upon Hull (\u8d6b\u5c14\u6cb3\u7554\u91d1\u65af\u987f)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u522b\u540d (\u2192 allonym<\/strong>) \u4e2d,\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

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078 topographic entity<\/h4>\n

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topographic entity | | | \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> topographic feature.<\/p>\n

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Voir <\/em>entit\u00e9 topographique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase <\/em>accidente topogr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a (topographic feature).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53.<\/p>\n

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079 eponym<\/h4>\n

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eponym | \u00e9ponyme, ethnonyme | ep\u00f3nimo | \u044d\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 | \u4eba\u540d\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a person or group of persons after or for whom a place is named. Examples: Iago (James) in Santiago; Everest in Mount Everest; M\u016bsa (Moses) in W\u0101d\u012b M\u016bsa.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a person or group of persons after or for whom a place is named.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Iago (James) in Santiago; Everest in Mount Everest; M\u016bsa (Moses) in W\u0101d\u012b M\u016bsa. The corresponding term in French is ethnonym.<\/p>\n

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En toponymie, nom de personne (ou de groupe de personnes) dont est tir\u00e9, en tout ou en partie, un nom de lieu. Exemples \uff1a Boucher dans Boucherville; Aim\u00e9 dans Saint-Aim\u00e9 (Canada); M\u00fcsa (Mo\u00efse) dans W\u00e3di M\u00fcsa; Everest dans mont Everest.<\/p>\n

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Nombre de una persona o grupo de personas que da origen a un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo. Ejemplos: Iago (Jaime) en Santiago; Everest en Monte Everest; M\u00fcsa (Mois\u00e9s) en W\u00e3di M\u00fcsa. El t\u00e9rmino franc\u00e9s equivalente es ethnonyme.<\/p>\n

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\u0418\u043c\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0432 \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044c; \u042f\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044c\u044f\u0433\u043e; \u042d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0432 Mount Everest. \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u2192 ethnonym.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u0634\u0640\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0640\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0640\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0640\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0625\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0648 (Iago (James \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0648\u061b \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 ethnonym.<\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u4eba\u540d\u547d\u540d\u7684\u5730\u540d. \u5982: \u5730\u540dSantiago (\u5723\u5730\u4e9a\u54e5)\u4e2d \u7684Iago (James) ; Mount Everest (\u57c3\u4f5b\u52d2\u65af\u5cf0)\u4e2d\u7684 Everest; W\u00e2d\u00ef M\u00fbsa (\u74e6\u8fea\u7a46\u8428) \u4e2d\u7684M\u00fbsa (Moses) \u5747\u662f\u4eba\u540d. \u6cd5\u6587\u5bf9\u5e94\u8bcd\u662fethnonym.<\/p>\n

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080 epotoponym<\/h4>\n

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epotoponym | \u00e9potoponyme | epotop\u00f3nimo | \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a | \u6e90\u81ea \u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd \u7684\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

A \u2192 toponym that constitutes the basis or origin of a common noun.<\/p>\n

Examples: Jerez (for sherry); Olympia (for Olympiad); al-Burtugh\u0101l, the Arabic name of Portugal (for Burtuq\u0101l, also Burtuq\u0101n, i.e. an orange in Arabic); Geysir (for geyser).<\/p>\n

Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192toponym<\/strong> that constitutes the basis or origin of a common noun. Examples: Jerez (for sherry); Olymp\u00eda (for Olympiad); al-Burtugh\u0101l, the Arabic name of Portugal (for Burtuq\u0101l, also Burtuq\u0101n, i.e. an orange in Arabic); Geysir (for geyser).<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 toponym that constitutes the basis or origin of a common noun.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Jerez (for sherry); Olymp\u00eda (for Olympiad); al-Burtugh\u0101l, the Arabic name of Portugal (for Burtuq\u0101l, also Burtuq\u0101n, i.e. an orange in Arabic).<\/p>\n

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Nom de lieu dont est tir\u00e9 un nom commun. Exemples \uff1a N\u00eemes est \u00e0 l’origine de denim; Burtugh\u00e3l, le nom arabe du Portugal est \u00e0 l’origine de burtuq\u00e3l, nom de l’orange en arabe; Japon l’origine de japonaiserie.<\/p>\n

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Un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo que es la base u origen de un nombre com\u00fan. Ejemplos: Jerez (para sherry); Olympia (para olimp\u00edada); al-Burtugh\u00e3l, nombre \u00e1rabe de Portugal (para Burduq\u00e3l, tambi\u00e9n Burduq\u00e3n, es decir, ‘naranja’ en \u00e1rabe).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: Olympia (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0430); Jerez (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441); al-Burtugh\u00e3l\u2192 \u2192 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u0442 Burtug\u00e3l, \u043f\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u043d\u00bb).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Jerez \u0644\u0640 (sherry)\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0640 (\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0640 Portugal (\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 orange \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\u6d3e\u751f\u6216\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u800c\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym). \u5982: Jerez (\u8d6b\u96f7\u65af, \u6e90\u81easherry \u2192 \u8bcd, \u610f\u4e3a\u96ea\u5229\u9152); Olympia (\u5965\u6797\u5339\u4e9a, \u6e90\u81eaOlympiad \u2192 \u8bcd, \u610f\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u795e \u540d); \u8461\u8404\u7259\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5730\u540dal-Burtugh\u00e2l (\u5e03\u5c14\u56fe\u52a0 \u52d2, \u6e90\u81eaBurtuq\u00e2l \u6216 Burtuq\u00e2n \u2192 \u8bcd, \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u610f\u4e3a\u6a58 \u5b50).<\/p>\n

A080 ethnonym<\/h4>\n

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ethnonym | ethnonyme | etn\u00f3nimo | \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438 | \u65cf\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of an ethnic group, such as a tribe or\u00a0clan. Examples: Danes, the Hashemites,\u00a0Saami, the Sorbs.<\/p>\n

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Nom d\u2019un groupe ethnique tel qu\u2019une tribu ou\u00a0un clan. Exemples: les Danois, les Sorabes, les\u00a0Hach\u00e9mites, les Saamis.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio de un grupo \u00e9tnico, por ejemplo una tribu o\u00a0un clan. Ejemplos: los daneses, los hachemitas, los saami, los\u00a0sorbios.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438\u00a0\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u0445\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u0441\u0430\u0430\u043c\u044b; \u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u65cf\u88d4\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u90e8\u843d\u6216\u90e8\u65cf\uff09\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u4e39\u9ea6\u4eba\u3001\u54c8\u5e0c\u59c6\u65cf\u4eba\u3001\u8428\u6885\u4eba\u3001\u7d22\u5e03\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

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081 exonym<\/h4>\n

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exonym | exonyme | ex\u00f3nimo | \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a | \u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name used in a specific language for a\u00a0\u2192 geographical feature situated outside\u00a0the area where that language is widely\u00a0spoken, and differing in its form from the\u00a0respective \u2192 endonym(s) in the area where\u00a0the geographical feature is situated.\u00a0Examples: Warsaw is the English exonym\u00a0for Warszawa (Polish); Mailand is German\u00a0for Milano; Londres is French for London;\u00a0K\u016bl\u016bniy\u0101 is Arabic for K\u00f6ln. The officially\u00a0romanized endonym Moskva for Moc\u043a\u0432a is\u00a0not an exonym, nor is the Pinyin form\u00a0Beijing, while Peking is an exonym. The\u00a0United Nations recommends minimizing\u00a0the use of exonyms in international usage.\u00a0See also \u2192 traditional name.<\/p>\n

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Appellation toponymique dans une langue\u00a0donn\u00e9e d’un \u2192\u00a0accident g\u00e9ographique situ\u00e9\u00a0en dehors du territoire o\u00f9 cette langue est\u00a0largement parl\u00e9e, et qui est de forme diff\u00e9rente\u00a0du ou des \u2192 endonymes de cet accident\u00a0g\u00e9ographique. Exemples : Londres, Florence\u00a0sont les exonymes fran\u00e7ais de London et\u00a0Firenze; Parigi est l’exonyme italien de Paris;\u00a0Warsaw est l’exonyme anglais de Warszawa\u00a0(Varsovie). La version romanis\u00e9e officielle\u00a0Moskva de \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432a N’EST PAS un exonyme; la\u00a0transcription pinyin Beijing N’EST PAS un\u00a0exonyme, tandis que la forme P\u00e9kin en est un.\u00a0L’ONU recommande d’utiliser le moins\u00a0possible d’exonymes dans l’usage international.\u00a0Voir aussi \u2192 nom, traditionnel.<\/p>\n

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Nombre usual en una lengua para designar un \u2192 accidente\u00a0geogr\u00e1fico situado fuera del \u00e1rea donde se habla\u00a0mayoritariamente aquella lengua y que difiere en su forma\u00a0del\/de los \u2192 end\u00f3nimo(s) del \u00e1rea donde el accidente\u00a0geogr\u00e1fico est\u00e1 situado. Ejemplos: Warsaw es el ex\u00f3nimo\u00a0ingl\u00e9s de Warszawa; Mailand, el alem\u00e1n de Milano; Londres,\u00a0el espa\u00f1ol de London; K\u016bl\u016bniy\u0101 es el \u00e1rabe de K\u00f6ln. El\u00a0end\u00f3nimo latinizado Moskva en lugar de Moc\u043a\u0432a no es un\u00a0ex\u00f3nimo, ni tampoco la forma pinyin Beijing, mientras que\u00a0Pek\u00edn s\u00ed es un ex\u00f3nimo. Las Naciones Unidas recomiendan\u00a0reducir al m\u00ednimo el empleo de ex\u00f3nimos en el uso\u00a0internacional. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192nombre propio tradicional.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f\u00a0\u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u00a0\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441,\u00a0\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u00a0\u2192 \u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 (\u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438,\u00a0\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:\u00a0\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 Warsaw \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e Warszawa; \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435\u00a0Mailand \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e Milano; \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435\u00a0Londres \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e London; \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 K\u016bl\u016bniy\u0101\u00a0\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e K\u00f6ln. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00a0\u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c Moskva (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b) \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u00a0\u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f (\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f\u00a0\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0438\u043d\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0411\u044d\u0439\u0446\u0437\u0438\u043d\u00a0\u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c). \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00a0\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.\u00a0\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u533a\u57df\u5916\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u2192geographical feature\uff09\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u6240\u5728\u5730\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u8bed\u5730\u540d\uff08\u2192endonym(s)\uff09\u3002\u5982\uff1aWarsaw\u662f\u6ce2\u5170\u8bedWarszawa(\u534e\u6c99)\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u540d\u79f0\uff1bMailand\u662fMilano\uff08\u7c73\u5170\uff09\u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\u540d\u79f0\uff1bLondres\u662fLondon (\u4f26\u6566) \u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u540d\u79f0\uff1bK\u016bl\u016bniy\u0101\u662f K\u00f6ln\uff08\u79d1\u9686\uff09\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u540d\u79f0\u3002Moskva (\u83ab\u65af\u79d1) \u662f\u5f53\u5730\u8bed\u5730\u540d\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u62fc\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d\uff1b\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u4e66\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684Beijing (\u5317\u4eac)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d\uff0c\u800cPeking\u5219\u662f\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5efa\u8bae\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u7528\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d\u3002\u53e6\u89c1\u2192name\uff0ctraditional\u3002<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name used in a specific language for a \u2192 geographical feature<\/strong> situated outside the area where that language has official status, and differing in its form from the name used in the official language or languages of the area where the geographical feature is situated.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Warsaw is the English exonym for Warszawa; Londres is French for London; Mailand is German for Milano. The officially romanized endonym Moskva for \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 is not an exonym, nor is the Pinyin form Beijing, while Peking is an exonym. The United Nations recommends minimizing the use of exonyms in international usage. See also \u2192 traditional name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Nom g\u00e9ographique utilis\u00e9 dans une langue pour d\u00e9signer un \u2192 accident g\u00e9ographique<\/strong> situ\u00e9 en dehors du territoire dont cette langue est la langue officielle, et de forme diff\u00e9rente de son nom dans la ou les langues officielles du territoire o\u00f9 il est situ\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> Londres, Florence sont les exonymes fran\u00e7ais de London et Firenze; Parigi est l\u2019exonyme italien de Paris, tandis que la version romanis\u00e9e Moskva de \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 n\u2019est pas un exonyme, pas plus que le pinyin Beijing, alors que P\u00e9kin est un exonym. L\u2019Organisation des Nations Unies recommande de n\u2019utiliser qu\u2019un minimum d\u2019exonymes dans l\u2019usage international. Voir aussi \u2192 nom traditionnel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio, o su forma escrita, usual en una lengua para designar un \u2192 accidente geogr\u00e1fico<\/strong> situado fuera del \u00e1rea donde aquella lengua tiene car\u00e1cter oficial, y que difiere en su forma del nombre usado en la lengua o lenguas oficiales del \u00e1rea donde el accidente geogr\u00e1fico est\u00e1 situado.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> Warsaw es el ex\u00f3nimo ingl\u00e9s de Warszawa; Londres, el espa\u00f1ol de London; Mailand, el alem\u00e1n de Milano. El end\u00f3nimo latinizado Moskva en lugar de \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, no es un ex\u00f3nimo, ni tampoco la forma pinyin Beijing, mientras que Pek\u00edn s\u00ed es un ex\u00f3nimo. Las Naciones Unidas recomiendan reducir al m\u00ednimo el uso de ex\u00f3nimos en el uso internacional. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 nombre tradicional<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong>, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: Warsaw \u2014 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f Warszawa; Londres \u2014 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f London; Mailand \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f Milano; Moscow, Moskau \u2014 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c Moskva \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a Pinyin \u0434\u043b\u044f Beijing, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0648 (Warsaw) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0640 Warszawa\u061b \u0648 Londres \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 (London)\u061b \u0648 Mailand \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 (Milano). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0641\u0627 (Moskva) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0640 Moc\u0138\u0432a \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0627\u064b \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u062c\u0646\u063a (Beijing) \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 Pinyin\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (Peking) \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5177\u6709\u5b98\u65b9\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u5883\u5916\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 geographical feature<\/strong>) \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540d\u79f0, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u4e0e\u5730 \u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u6240\u5728\u5730\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u4e0d\u540c.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Warsaw (\u534e\u6c99)\u662f\u6ce2\u5170\u8bed Warszawa \u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u540d \u79f0; Londres \u662f\u82f1\u8bed London (\u4f26\u6566)\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u540d\u79f0; Mailand (\u7c73\u5170)\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed Milano \u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\u540d\u79f0. Moskva (\u83ab\u65af\u79d1)\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u8bed\u5730\u540d \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7f57\u9a6c \u5b57\u6bcd\u62fc\u5199, \u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d; \u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u4e66\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684 Beijing (\u5317\u4eac)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d. \u800c Peking \u5219\u662f\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5df2\u5efa\u8bae, \u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d, \u8981\u4f7f\u5916\u6765 \u8bed\u5730\u540d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 \u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u6700\u5e95\u9650\u5ea6. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 traditional name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

exophone<\/h4>\n

Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Is a form which is pronounced differently from the original, but written the same as the original.<\/p>\n

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082, 088 extraterrestrial feature<\/h4>\n

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extraterrestrial feature | accident topographique extraterrestre | accidente topogr\u00e1fico extraterrestre | \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u00a0| \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u00a0| \u661f\u7403\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 topographic feature on any planet other than Earth, or on a satellite.<\/p>\n

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Example: a crater on the moon.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Accident topographique situ\u00e9 sur une plan\u00e8te autre que la Terre ou sur un satellite. Exemples: Un crat\u00e8re sur la Lune; un mont sur Mars; un satellite d’Uranus.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Accidente topogr\u00e1fico sobre la superficie de cualquier planeta, excepto de la Tierra, o de un sat\u00e9lite, que posee una identidad reconocible. Ejemplo: un cr\u00e1ter en la Luna.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0443\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u7403\u4ee5\u5916\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u661f\u6216\u536b\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 geographicalfeature). \u5982: \u6708\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u73af\u5f62\u5c71.<\/p>\n

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083, 215 extraterrestrial name<\/h4>\n

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extraterrestrial name | nom extraterrestre | nombre propio extraterrestre | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645) \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 |\u00a0\u661f\u7403\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 \u540d\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym applied to an \u2192 extraterrestrial feature.<\/p>\n

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Example: Nix Olympica (on Mars).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme qui identifie une \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique extraterrestre. Exemples: Golfe des Iris (sur la Lune); Canal Cerb\u00e8re (sur Mars); Orion (galaxie).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo aplicado a un \u2192 accidente extraterrestre. Ejemplo: Nix Olimpica (sobre Marte).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: Nix Olympica (\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: Nix Olympica (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e).<\/p>\n

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\u00b1\u4e5f\u7403\u5915\u535c\u661f\u4f53\u4e0a\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 extraterrestrial feature) \u7684\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 toponym). \u5982: Nix Olympica (\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b \u6c34\u795e, \u706b\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u540d).<\/p>\n

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084, 111 false generic element<\/h4>\n

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false generic element | faux g\u00e9n\u00e9rique | elemento gen\u00e9rico falso | \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 |\u00a0 (\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d (\u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0644 | \u4e13\u540d\u5316\u7684\u901a\u540d |<\/p>\n


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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Generic element<\/strong> that does not indicate the feature class of the item named.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Mount Isa, \u2019Ayn as-Sul\u0163\u0101n, Redhill and Rio de Janeiro are all populated places, not a mountain, spring, hill or river, respectively.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique<\/strong> qui n\u2019indique pas le v\u00e9ritable type d\u2019entit\u00e9 repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par un \u00e9l\u00e9ment g\u00e9ographique d\u00e9nomm\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Exemples\uff1aMont-Royal, Rivi\u00e8re-Pilote et La Baie, au Canada, constituent tous des lieux habit\u00e9s et non pas respectivement un mont, une rivi\u00e8re ou une baie, comme le sont le Mont-Blanc, Rio de Janeiro et \u2019En Hamifraz.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Elemento gen\u00e9rico<\/strong> que no indica la clase de accidente del top\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Mount Isa; \u2019Ayn as-Sul\u0163\u0101n, Redhill y R\u00edo de Janeiro son todos ellos lugares poblados y no una monta\u00f1a, una fuente, una colina o un r\u00edo, respectivamente.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 <\/strong>\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430, <\/strong>\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:\u00a0Mount<\/u> Isa, Red<\/em>hill<\/u> \u0438 <\/em>Rio<\/u> de<\/em> Janeiro <\/em>\u2014 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u062c\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0644<\/u> \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u061b \u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0646<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0648 Redhill<\/u>\u061b \u0648Rio<\/u> de Janeiro \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u901a\u540d (\u2192 generic element).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Mount Isa (\u8292\u7279\u827e\u8428) ; \u2019Ayn as-Sul\u0163\u0101n (\u827e\u56e0\u82cf\u4e39); Redhill (\u96f7\u5fb7\u5e0c\u5c14)\u548c Rio de Janeiro (\u91cc\u7ea6\u70ed\u5185\u5362)\u90fd\u662f\u5c45\u6c11\u5730\u540d\u79f0, \u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f \u5c71\u3001\u6cc9\u6216\u6cb3.<\/p>\n

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086 feature name<\/h4>\n

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feature name | |\u00a0top\u00f3nimo | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 |\u00a0\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> toponym.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> toponyme.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> top\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a (topographic name).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u5730\u540d.<\/p>\n

089, 115 geographical feature<\/h4>\n

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geographical feature | accident g\u00e9ographique | accidente geogr\u00e1fico | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 |\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Topographic feature on the surface of Earth.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Entit\u00e9 topographique naturelle ou artificielle situ\u00e9e sur la surface de la Terre.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Accidente topogr\u00e1fico sobre la superficie de la Tierra que posee identidad reconocible.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature).<\/p>\n

090, 131 hydrographic feature<\/h4>\n

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hydrographic feature | \u00e9l\u00e9ment hydrographique | accidente hidrogr\u00e1fico | \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 | (\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00a0| \u6c34\u6587\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Topographic feature consisting of water, or associated mainly with water but not consisting of dry land. Not an undersea feature. Examples: lake, ocean, river, pond, reservoir.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Topographic feature consisting of water, or associated mainly with water but not consisting of dry land.<\/p>\n

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Examples: lake; underground reservoir; but not an island.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Entit\u00e9 topographique constitu\u00e9e d’eau ou caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la pr\u00e9sence permanente ou temporaire d’eau \u00e0 l’exception d’\u00e9tendues de terre s\u00e8che. Exemples : un lac; une rivi\u00e8re; un r\u00e9servoir souterrain (mais pas une \u00eele).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Accidente topogr\u00e1fico que consta de agua, o relacionado \u00edntimamente con ella, pero sin que contenga tierra firme. Ejemplos: lago; embalse subterr\u00e1neo; pero no una isla.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0430\u0440, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u6c34\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6c34, \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u9646\u5730\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature). \u5982: \u6e56; \u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u5e93; \u800c\u5c9b\u4e0d \u5c5e\u4e8e\u6c34\u6587\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53.<\/p>\n

091, 185 man-made feature<\/h4>\n

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man-made feature | entit\u00e9 topographique artificielle | accidente artificial | \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 | \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00a0| \u4eba\u5de5\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Topographic feature made, or significantly modified, by man. Examples: canal; road; populated place. Complementary term: \u2192 feature, natural.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Entit\u00e9 topographique construite ou profond\u00e9ment modifi\u00e9e par l’\u00eatre humain. Exemples : un canal; une rue; un lieu habit\u00e9; un pont. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique naturelle.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Accidente topogr\u00e1fico hecho, o modificado en grado importante, por el hombre. Ejemplos: canal; carretera; lugar poblado. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico natural.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b : \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b; \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u4eba\u5efa\u9020\u6216\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u9020\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature). \u5982: \u8fd0\u6cb3\u3001\u9053\u8def\u3001\u5c45\u6c11\u5730. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: 092\u2192 feature, natural.<\/p>\n

092, 239 natural feature<\/h4>\n

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natural feature | entit\u00e9 topographique naturelle | accidente natural | \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 |\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a |\u81ea \u7136\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Topographic feature not made or significantly modified by man.<\/p>\n

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Examples: river (but not canal); forest (but not plantation). Complementary term: \u2192 feature, man-made.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Entit\u00e9 topographique n’ayant pas subi ou subi tr\u00e8s peu d’alt\u00e9ration d’origine humaine. Exemples : une rivi\u00e8re (pas un canal); une for\u00eat (pas une plantation); un sentier de migration (pas un chemin). Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique artificielle.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Accidente topogr\u00e1fico no hecho ni modificado en grado importante por el hombre. Ejemplos: r\u00edo (pero no canal); bosque (pero no plantaci\u00f3n). T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico artificial.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b); \u043b\u0435\u0441 (\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f). \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0631 (\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0629)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n

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(\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u4eba\u5efa\u9020\u6216\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u9020\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature). \u5982: \u6cb3\uff08\u5e76\u975e\u8fd0\u6cb3)\u3001\u68ee\u6797\uff08\u5e76\u975e\u4eba\u9020\u6797). \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: 091\u2192 feature, man-made.<\/p>\n

093, 260 physical feature<\/h4>\n

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physical feature | entit\u00e9 physique | accidente f\u00edsico | \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 |\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a |\u6709\u5f62\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Any \u2192 topographic feature<\/strong> that can be observed visually.<\/p>\n

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Examples: mountain; river; road; building; but not e.g. an unmarked political boundary.<\/p>\n

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Toute \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique<\/strong> observable directement. Exemples : une montagne; une vall\u00e9e, mais pas une fronti\u00e8re politique non d\u00e9limit\u00e9e physiquement.<\/p>\n

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Cualquier \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico<\/strong> que se puede ver. Ejemplos: monta\u00f1a; r\u00edo; carretera; edificio; pero no una frontera pol\u00edtica sin marcar.<\/p>\n

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\u0412\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/strong>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430; \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u064a\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u062c\u0628\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u89c6\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature<\/strong>). \u5982: \u5c71\u3001\u6cb3\u3001\u8def\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u7269; \u800c\u65e0\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u754c\u5219\u4e0d\u662f.<\/p>\n

094, 334 topographic feature<\/h4>\n

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topographic feature | entit\u00e9 topographique | accidente topogr\u00e1fico | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 | \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A portion of the surface of Earth or of any other planet or satellite that has recognizable identity.<\/p>\n

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Partie de la surface de la Terre, ou de toute autre plan\u00e8te ou d’un satellite, qui pr\u00e9sente localement une particularit\u00e9 reconnaissable.<\/p>\n

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Parte de la superficie de la Tierra, o de cualquier otro planeta, que posee identidad reconocible.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u7403\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u661f\u6216\u536b\u661f\u8868\u9762\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u90e8\u5206.<\/p>\n

095, 357 undersea feature<\/h4>\n

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undersea feature | accident g\u00e9ographique sous-marin | accidente submarino | \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 |\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u00a0| \u6d77\u5e95\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A portion of that part of Earth that lies beneath the surface of an ocean or a sea and that has recognizable identity.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Dogger Bank, Mariana Trench.<\/p>\n

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Portion de la surface terrestre situ\u00e9e sous la mer qui pr\u00e9sente localement une particularit\u00e9 reconnaissable. Exemples : un abysse; Dogger Bank; fosse des Mariannes.<\/p>\n

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Parte de la superficie terrestre que yace directamente en el fondo de un oc\u00e9ano o mar y que tiene identidad reconocible. Ejemplo: Fosa de las Marianas.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0414\u043e\u0433\u0433\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u062c\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0631\u061b \u0648\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u6d77\u9762\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5982: Dogger Bank (\u591a\u683c\u6ee9)\uff1bMariana Trench (\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\u6d77\u6c9f)\u3002<\/p>\n

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100 font<\/h4>\n

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font | fonte | tipo de letra | \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442 |\u00a0\u064f\u0646\u0650\u0637 | \u5b57\u6837 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A typeface of a specified type, style and size.<\/p>\n

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Example: 12-point bold Times New Roman<\/span><\/strong>; 11 cpi (character-per-inch) Courier italic<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de \u2192 caract\u00e8res d\u2019imprimerie constituant un \u2192 alphabet complet (au minimum lettres majuscules et minuscules, chiffres, signes diacritiques et de ponctuation), existant normalement en plusieurs corps.<\/p>\n

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Exemples: courrier<\/span>; Univers italique<\/span><\/em>. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 fonte.<\/p>\n

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Estilo o dise\u00f1o del conjunto de todos los \u2192 caracteres de imprenta de un alfabeto, independientemente de su tama\u00f1o. Ejemplos: Times New Roman<\/span>; Arial it\u00e1lica negrita<\/em><\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 tipo de letra.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0432: Times New Roman<\/span>; Univers bold italic<\/span><\/em><\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442.<\/p>\n

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\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u2190\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 12 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\u061b \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 10 (\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0637.<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u5f0f\u6837\u548c\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u5b57\u6837\u3002\u5982\uff1a12-point bold Times New Roman <\/strong>12\u70b9\u9635\u7684\u9ed1\u4f53\u65b0\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u7f57\u9a6c\u4f53\u5b57\uff1b10 cpi (character-per-inch) Brougham italic <\/em>\u6bcf\u82f1\u5bf810\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u59c6\u659c\u4f53\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n

101 format<\/h4>\n

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format | format | formato | \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 |\u00a0\u0634\u0643\u0644 (\u0639\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 | \u683c\u5f0f |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Size and general arrangement of a written or printed document. See also \u2192 format, file.<\/p>\n

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Structure d\u00e9finie de \u2192 donn\u00e9es sur un support lors de leur saisie, par exemple, \u2192 enregistrements et \u2192 champs, num\u00e9riques et \u2192 alphanum\u00e9riques, fixes ou variables, etc. On rel\u00e8ve \u00e9galement le terme format informatique pour exprimer cette notion.<\/p>\n

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Tama\u00f1o, forma y presentaci\u00f3n general de un documento escrito o impreso. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 formato de archivo.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/strong> (format, file).<\/p>\n

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\u4e66\u9762\u6216\u6253\u5370\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u6392\u5217. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 format, file.<\/p>\n

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105 gazetteer<\/h4>\n

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gazetteer | r\u00e9pertoire toponymique, nomenclature toponymique | nomencl\u00e1tor | \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440 |\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u540d\u5f55 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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List of \u2192 toponyms arranged in alphabetic or other sequential order, with an indication of their location and preferably including variant names, type of \u2192 topographic feature and other defining or descriptive informa\u00adtion.<\/p>\n

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Liste de \u2192 toponymes ordonn\u00e9s suivant un ordre donn\u00e9 (alphab\u00e9tique ou autre), accompagn\u00e9s de leur localisation et (de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence) des variantes, du type d’\u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique et d’autres renseignements sur les caract\u00e9ristiques.<\/p>\n

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Cat\u00e1logo de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos ordenado alfab\u00e9ticamente o con otro orden secuencial, con informaci\u00f3n sobre su ubicaci\u00f3n y que incluye preferentemente los \u2192 al\u00f3nimos, el tipo de \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico y cualquier otra informaci\u00f3n descriptiva o definidora de cada uno de ellos.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u6309\u5b57\u6bcd\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u987a\u5e8f\u7f16\u6392\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u8868. \u8be5 \u8868\u6307\u660e\u5730\u540d\u6240\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6216\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u4f9b\u5404\u79cd\u522b\u540d\u3001\u5730\u5f62 \u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature) \u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5730\u540d\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u8bf4\u660e \u6027\u8d44\u6599.<\/p>\n

106 index gazetteer<\/h4>\n

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gazetteer index |\u00a0index toponymique | \u00edndice topon\u00edmico | \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440-\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c) \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u540d\u7d22\u5f15 |<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ordered list of \u2192\u00a0toponyms<\/strong>, with or without additional data, serving<\/p>\n

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as a guide to the source in which they appear. Example:<\/em> index gazetteer appended to an atlas.<\/p>\n

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Liste de \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> ordonn\u00e9s suivant l\u2019ordre alphab\u00e9tique, accompagn\u00e9s ou non de renseignements compl\u00e9mentaires,<\/p>\n

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et renvoyant \u00e0 la source o\u00f9 ils sont mentionn\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

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Exemple\u00a0:<\/em> un index toponymique accompagnant un atlas.<\/p>\n

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Lista ordenada de \u2192\u00a0top\u00f3nimos<\/strong>, con o sin informaci\u00f3n adicional, que sirve de gu\u00eda al documento al que acompa\u00f1a. Ejemplo:<\/em> el \u00edndice de top\u00f3nimos de un atlas.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633.<\/p>\n

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\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u7f16\u6392\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192\u00a0toponyms<\/strong>) \u8868\u3002\u8be5\u8868\u53ef\u6709\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u9644\u52a0\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4f9b\u67e5\u8be2\u5730\u540d\u7684\u51fa\u5904\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u7684\u5730\u540d\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n

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107, 205 multilingual gazetteer<\/h4>\n

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multilingual gazetteer | r\u00e9pertoire toponymique multilingue | nomencl\u00e1tor multiling\u00fce | \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440 | \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u591a\u8bed\u5730\u540d\u5f55 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Gazetteer that, for a particular topographic feature, shows \u2192 allo\u00adnyms in different languages, not necessarily \u2192 standardized.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Athens (Ath\u00edna); Moscou (Moskva).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 R\u00e9pertoire toponymique qui, pour une entit\u00e9 topographique donn\u00e9e, indique les \u2192 allonymes (pas n\u00e9cessairement \u2192 normalis\u00e9s) dans diff\u00e9rentes langues. Exemples \uff1a Ath\u00e8nes (Ath\u00edna), Moscou (Moskva), Bangkok (Krung Thep).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nomencl\u00e1tor que para un accidente topogr\u00e1fico determinado presenta los \u2192 al\u00f3nimos en diferentes lenguas, no necesariamente \u2192 normalizados. Ejemplos: Atenas (Ath\u00edna); Mosc\u00fa (Moskva).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0413\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Athens (Ath\u00edna); Moscou (Moskva).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629: (Athens) Ath\u00edna\u061b \u0648 Moscou (Moskva).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u5f55 (\u2192 gazetteer) \u4e0a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature) \u90fd\u5217\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 allonyms) , \u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u79f0\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u5316 (\u2192 standardized) \u5730\u540d. \u5982: Athens (Athina,\u96c5 \u5178); Moscou (Moskva,\u83ab\u65af\u79d1).<\/p>\n

108, 207 multiscriptual gazetteer<\/h4>\n

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multiscriptual gazetteer | r\u00e9pertoire toponymique multiscriptural | nomencl\u00e1tor pol\u00edglota | \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a | \u591a\u6587\u5b57\u5730\u540d\u5f55 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192Gazetteer<\/strong> that presents \u2192toponyms<\/strong> in two (biscriptual) or more<\/p>\n

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different types of \u2192script<\/strong> or \u2192writing system<\/strong>. Examples: \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1,<\/p>\n

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Ath\u00edna; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Na\u1e95erat; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Gazetteer<\/strong> that presents \u2192 toponyms<\/strong> in two (biscriptual) or more different types of \u2192 script<\/strong> or \u2192 writing system<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, Ath\u00edna; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 R\u00e9pertoire<\/strong> qui pr\u00e9sente des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> consign\u00e9s selon deux syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9critures (ou plus).<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7, Thessaloniki; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nomencl\u00e1tor<\/strong> que presenta \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> en dos (biling\u00fce) o m\u00e1s tipos de \u2192 escritura<\/strong> o \u2192 sistemas<\/strong> de escritura<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, Atenas; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0413\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440<\/strong>, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, Ath\u00edna; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0640\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: Ath\u00edna \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1,\u061b \u0648\u05ea\u05e8\u05e6\u05e0, Nazareth \u061b \u0648 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u6216\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e66\u5199\u5730\u540d\u7684\u5730\u540d\u5f55 (\u2192 gazetteer<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, Athina; (\u96c5\u5178); \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth (\u62ff\u6492\u52d2); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok (\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea \u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b, \u6d77\u53c2\u5d34).<\/p>\n

109 place names gazetteer<\/h4>\n

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place names gazetteer |\u00a0r\u00e9pertoire toponymique\u00a0|\u00a0nomencl\u00e1tor de poblaciones\u00a0| \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 |\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u00a0|\u00a0\u5730\u540d\u5f55\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Term sometimes applied to a list of populated places. See also \u2192 place<\/strong>\u00a0name <\/strong>(b)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Terme d\u00e9signant parfois un r\u00e9pertoire des seuls \u2192 noms de lieu\u00a0<\/strong>(au sens b<\/em> de lieu habit\u00e9).<\/p>\n

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T\u00e9rmino frecuentemente aplicado a una lista de lugares poblados. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> nombre propio de lugar (b).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u2192\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/strong> \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u0628) ((place name (b).<\/p>\n

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\u6b64\u672f\u8bed\u6709\u65f6\u7528\u6765\u6307\u79f0\u5c45\u6c11\u5730\u540d\u79f0\u8868\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u00a0place name\u00a0<\/strong>(b)\u3002<\/p>\n

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110 generic element<\/h4>\n

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generic element | \u00e9l\u00e9ment g\u00e9n\u00e9rique, g\u00e9n\u00e9rique | elemento gen\u00e9rico | \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442; \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c |\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 | \u901a\u540d\u6210\u5206 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The part of a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> that consists of a \u2192 generic term<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Port-au-Prince; Sierra Nevada; Newport. The generic element does not necessarily indicate the type or class of feature of the item named.<\/p>\n

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See also \u2192 false generic element<\/strong>. Complementary term: \u2192 specific element<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Partie d\u2019un \u2192 toponyme<\/strong> qui d\u00e9signe de fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale la nature de l\u2019\u2192 entit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e<\/strong>. Cet \u00e9l\u00e9ment (appel\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rique, au Canada) n\u2019indique pas toujours rigoureusement le type d\u2019entit\u00e9 d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

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Exemples : Lac Saint-Jean; Sierra Nevada.<\/p>\n

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Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 Faux g\u00e9n\u00e9rique<\/strong>. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 sp\u00e9cifique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Parte de un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> formada por un \u2192 t\u00e9rmino gen\u00e9rico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Port-au-Prince; Sierra Nevada; Newport. El elemento gen\u00e9rico no indica necesariamente el tipo o la clase de accidente del top\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 elemento gen\u00e9rico falso<\/strong>. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 elemento espec\u00edfico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Port-au-Prince; Sierra Nevada, Newport. \u0420\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 <\/strong>\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/strong>. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Port<\/u>-au-Prince\u061b \u0648 Sierra<\/u> Nevada\u061b \u0648 Newport<\/u>. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u901a\u540d (\u2192 generic term) \u6784\u6210\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u4e2d \u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Port-au-Prince (\u592a\u5b50\u6e2f); Sierra Nevada (\u5185\u534e\u8fbe\u5c71\u8109), Newport (\u65b0\u6e2f). \u901a\u540d\u672a\u5fc5\u90fd \u8868\u793a\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b\u522b.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1 \u2192 false generic element. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 specific element.<\/p>\n

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112 generic term<\/h4>\n

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generic term | terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique | t\u00e9rmino gen\u00e9rico | \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d |\u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0| \u901a\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A common noun that describes a \u2192 topographic feature in terms of its characteristics and not by its proper name.<\/p>\n

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Examples: mountain, sierra, san, shan, dagh, jabal, har, river, wadi, gang. It may form part of a \u2192 toponym; see \u2192 generic element. See also \u2192 false generic element.<\/p>\n

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Nom commun qui d\u00e9crit une \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique selon ses caract\u00e9ristiques et non selon son nom particulier. Ce nom peut faire partie d’un \u2192 toponyme. Exemples : montagne, sierra; san, shan, dagh, jabal, har, rivi\u00e8re, w\u00e3d\u00ed, gang. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ment g\u00e9n\u00e9rique; faux g\u00e9n\u00e9rique; type d’entit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Nombre com\u00fan que describe un \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico en funci\u00f3n de sus caracter\u00edsticas y no por su propio nombre. Ejemplos: monta\u00f1a, mountain, san, shan, dagh, jabal, har; r\u00edo, river, w\u00e3di, gang. Puede formar parte de un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo. V\u00e9ase \u2192 elemento gen\u00e9rico. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 elemento gen\u00e9rico falso.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: mountain, sierra, san, shan, dagh, jabal, har, river. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430; \u0441\u043c. \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u0640\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u062c\u0628\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0646\u0640\u0647\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0648mountain\u061b \u0648sierra\u061b \u0648san\u061b \u0648shan\u061b \u0648dagh\u061b \u0648Jabal\u061b \u0648har\u061b \u0648river\u061b \u0648wadi\u061b \u0648gang. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u4e13\u540d\u4ee5\u5916\u7684, \u7528\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature) \u7279\u6027\u7684\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd. \u5982: mountain, sierra, san, shan, dagh, jabal, har; river, w\u00e2d\u00ef, gang. \u901a\u540d\u53ef\u6210\u4e3a\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym) \u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u5485\u03a1\u5206. \u89c1 \u2192 generic element, \u4e5f\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 generic element, false.<\/p>\n

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114 geographical entity<\/h4>\n

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geographical entity | accidente geogr\u00e1fico | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 | \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> geographical feature.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> accident g\u00e9ographique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> accidente geogr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: feature, geographical.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53.<\/p>\n

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116, 216 geographical name<\/h4>\n

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geographical name | nom g\u00e9ographique | nombre geogr\u00e1fico | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00a0| \u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Name applied to a feature on Earth; a special case of a \u2192 topographic name or \u2192 toponym.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nom qui sert \u00e0 d\u00e9signer un \u2192 accident g\u00e9ographique particulier de la surface terrestre. Cas particulier de \u2192 toponyme.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nombre propio dado a un accidente sobre la superficie de la Tierra; es un caso especial de un \u2192 nombre propio topogr\u00e1fico o \u2192 top\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0645<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u6307\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 name) ; \u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b \u4e0e \u2192 topographic name \u6216 \u2192 toponym \u540c\u4e49.<\/p>\n

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117, 312 geographical names standardization<\/h4>\n

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geographical names standardization | normalisation des noms g\u00e9ographiques | normalizaci\u00f3n de nombres geogr\u00e1ficos | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u540d\u6807\u51c6\u5316 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The prescription by a \u2192 names authority of one or more particular \u2192 names, together with their precise written form, for application to a specific \u2192 geographical feature, as well as the conditions for their use. In a wider sense, standardization of \u2192 toponyms.<\/p>\n

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Fixation d\u2019un ou de plusieurs \u2192 noms par une \u2192 autorit\u00e9 toponymique, accompagn\u00e9s de leur orthographe normalis\u00e9e, pour d\u00e9signer une \u2192 entit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique donn\u00e9e, ainsi que des modalit\u00e9s d\u2019emploi de cette forme ou de ces formes graphiques. Dans un sens large, on parle de normalisation des \u2192 toponymes.<\/p>\n

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Aprobaci\u00f3n por una \u2192 autoridad en nombres de uno o m\u00e1s \u2192 nombres propios particulares, junto con la forma exacta de escribirlos, para aplicarlos a un \u2192 accidente geogr\u00e1fico determinado, y tambi\u00e9n de las condiciones para su uso. En sentido m\u00e1s amplio, normalizaci\u00f3n de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u2190\u00a0\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0644\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784 (\u2192 names authority) \u4e3a\u67d0\u4e00\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 geographical feature) \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u51e0\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 name) \u53ca\u5176\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u89c4 \u5b9a. \u5e7f\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b, \u5c31\u662f\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316.<\/p>\n

118 geographic information system (GIS)<\/h4>\n

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geographic information system (GIS) | Syst\u00e8me d’information g\u00e9ographique (SIG) | sistema de informaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica (SIG) | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0421) |\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Computerized multi-purpose system combining input, processing and output of geographically referenced \u2192 data, which often include maps and \u2192 toponyms.<\/p>\n

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Syst\u00e8me informatique (saisie, traitement et consultation de donn\u00e9es) \u00e0 usage polyvalent, combinant des \u2192 donn\u00e9es g\u00e9or\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es, et comportant souvent des cartes g\u00e9ographiques et des \u2192 toponymes.<\/p>\n

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Sistema informatizado con objetivos m\u00faltiples en el que se combinan la entrada, tratamiento y salida de \u2192 datos referidos geogr\u00e1ficamente, que incluye frecuentemente mapas y \u2192 top\u00f3nimos.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u2192 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u2190\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5177\u6709\u5730\u7406\u53c2\u8003\u6570\u636e (\u2192 data) \u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97 \u673a\u591a\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf, \u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u542b\u6709\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym).<\/p>\n

A118 geoname<\/h4>\n

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geoname | geonombre | \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u5730\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Informal alternative for \u2192 geographical name.<\/p>\n

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Forme contract\u00e9e de \u2192 geographical name, utilis\u00e9e en anglais. Synonyme de g\u00e9onyme.<\/p>\n

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Denominaci\u00f3n alternativa no oficial de un \u2192 nombre geogr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 geographical name \u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u522b\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n

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B118 geonym<\/h4>\n

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geonym\u00a0| g\u00e9onyme\u00a0| ge\u00f3nimo\u00a0| \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See \u2192 name, geographical.<\/p>\n

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Voir\u00a0\u2192 name, geographical.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase \u2192 nombre propio geogr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c. \u2192 name, geographical.<\/p>\n

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120 glossary<\/h4>\n

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glossary | glossaire | glosario | \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f | \u8bcd\u6c47\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Specialized list of terms relating to a particular field of study or interest, which may contain explanatory or descriptive information on the items listed.<\/p>\n

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Example: glossary of terms for the standardization of geographical names.<\/p>\n

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Recueil de termes particuliers \u00e0 un domaine d’\u00e9tude ou d’int\u00e9r\u00eat bien d\u00e9fini et restreint, fournissant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des renseignements sur les termes r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s. Exemples \uff1a Glossaire de termes pour la normalisation des noms g\u00e9ographiques.<\/p>\n

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Cat\u00e1logo de palabras de un mismo campo de estudio, que puede contener definiciones o comentarios de las mismas. Ejemplo: el glosario de t\u00e9rminos para la normalizaci\u00f3n de nombres geogr\u00e1ficos.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u800c\u7f16\u5236\u7684\u4e13\u7528\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868, \u8be5\u8868\u6240\u5217 \u8bcd\u6761\u53ef\u52a0\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u6216\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u8d44\u6599. \u5982: \u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u540d\u6807 \u51c6\u5316\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868.<\/p>\n

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121 grammar<\/h4>\n

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grammar | grammaire | gram\u00e1tica | \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f | \u8bed\u6cd5\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The field of study dealing with the formal features of a \u2192 language and the rules that govern their combination, reference and interpretation.<\/p>\n

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Etude syst\u00e9matique des \u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs d’une \u2192 langue, et des r\u00e8gles phon\u00e9tiques, morphologiques et syntaxiques qui les gouvernent.<\/p>\n

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Ciencia que estudia los elementos de una \u2192 lengua y sus combinaciones.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u89c4\u8303\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u7279\u5f81\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u5408\u3001\u53c2\u8003\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1 \u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df.<\/p>\n

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122 grapheme<\/h4>\n

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grapheme | graph\u00e8me | grafema | \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0430 | \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u00a0| \u5b57\u4f4d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic representation of a \u2192 phoneme<\/strong> in a particular \u2192 language.<\/strong> Examples:<\/em> j is the \u2192 grapheme<\/strong> for the \/\u02a4\/ \u2192 phoneme<\/strong> in English and for \/\u0292\/ in French.<\/p>\n

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Repr\u00e9sentation graphique d\u2019un \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong> pour une \u2192 langue<\/strong> donn\u00e9e. Exemple:<\/em> j est le \u2192 graph\u00e8me<\/strong> du \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong> anglais \/\u02a4\/ et du phon\u00e8me fran\u00e7ais \/\u0292\/.<\/p>\n

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Unidad m\u00ednima e indivisible de la escritura de una lengua, es decir, la representaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica de un \u2192 fonema<\/strong> en una \u2192 lengua<\/strong> determinada. Ejemplos<\/em>: j es el \u2192 grafema<\/strong> para el \u2192 fonema<\/strong> \/\u02a4\/ en ingl\u00e9s y para \/\u0292\/ en franc\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong> \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: j \u2192 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/strong>, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/strong> \/\u02a4\/ \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \/\u0292\/ \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0640\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong>(\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: j \u0647\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629)<\/strong> \/\u02a4\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0640 \/\u0292\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e66\u5199 \u5f62\u5f0f. \u5982: j\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u97f3\u4f4d \/\u02a4\/, \u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\u97f3\u4f4d \/\u0292\/ \u7684\u5b57 \u4f4d (\u2192 grapheme<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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123 graphic form<\/h4>\n

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graphic form | forme graphique | graf\u00eda | \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 | (\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a | \u4e66\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Written or printed \u2192 character(s), including any \u2192 diacritics, that represent a linguistic item such as a name. Distinct from spoken and digital forms.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Caract\u00e8re(s) \u00e9crit(s) ou imprim\u00e9(s), avec les \u00e9ventuels \u2192 signes diacritiques repr\u00e9sentant un \u00e9nonc\u00e9 particulier, un nom par exemple, dans une langue donn\u00e9e. Se distingue des formes phon\u00e9tique et num\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Car\u00e1cter, o combinaci\u00f3n de \u2192 caracteres, escrito o impreso, incluidos \u2192 diacr\u00edticos, con que se representa un elemento ling\u00fc\u00edstico como, por ejemplo, un nombre. Es diferente de la forma hablada o digital.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a (\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b), \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 <\/strong>\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u8bed\u8a00\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u6216\u6253\u5370\u7684\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 character) , \u5305 \u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 diacritics) \u5728\u5185, \u5982\u5730\u540d. \u4e66\u5199 \u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u53e3 \u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u5f62\u5f0f.<\/p>\n

124 graticule<\/h4>\n

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graticule | coordonn\u00e9es g\u00e9ographiques | coordenadas geogr\u00e1ficas | \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 | \u5730\u7406\u5750\u6807 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> coordinates, geographical (a).<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em>\u00a0coordonn\u00e9es g\u00e9ographiques (a).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> coordenadas geogr\u00e1ficas (1).<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. coordinates, geographical (a<\/em>).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0623) coordinates, geographical.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1 coordinates, geographical (a)\u3002<\/p>\n

125 topographic grid<\/h4>\n

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topographic grid | | coordenates rectangulares | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u76f4\u89d2\u5750 \u6807 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Grid of plane coordinates consisting of two sets of straight lines at right angles to each other and with equal units of length on both axes, superimposed on a (chiefly) \u2192 topographic map<\/strong>. See also \u2192 UTM grid.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Red formada por dos grupos de l\u00edneas rectas paralelas a dos ejes que se cortan entre s\u00ed en \u00e1ngulo recto y con unidades de longitud iguales en ambos ejes, superpuesta (principalmente) sobre un mapa \u2192 topogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase \u2192 cuadr\u00edcula UTM<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u043e\u0441\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 UTM<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 (\u0623) ((rectangular coordinates<\/strong> (a).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u56fe (\u2192 topographic map<\/strong>) (\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5730\u5f62\u56fe)\u4e0a\u7531\u4e24 \u7ec4\u76f4\u7ebf\u5782\u76f4\u76f8\u4ea4\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u5750\u6807\u7f51. \u6bcf\u7ec4\u76f4\u7ebf\u7ebf\u4e0e \u7ebf\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u7b49\u957f. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 UTM grid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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126, 342 toponymic guidelines<\/h4>\n

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toponymic guidelines | directives toponymiques | directrices topon\u00edmicas | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 | (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u540d\u51c6\u5219 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Set of rules governing the \u2192 standardization<\/strong> of a country\u2019s \u2192 toponyms<\/strong> and their presentation in maps and \u2192 gazetteers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de r\u00e8gles qui pr\u00e9sident \u00e0 la \u2192 normalisation<\/strong> des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> d’un pays de m\u00eame qu’\u00e0 leur consignation sur les \u2192 cartes g\u00e9ographiques<\/strong> ou dans des \u2192 r\u00e9pertoires de m\u00eame nature<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto de reglas que rige la \u2192 normalizaci\u00f3n<\/strong> de los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> de un pa\u00eds y su presentaci\u00f3n en mapas y \u2192 nomencl\u00e1tores<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u2192 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0445<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5957\u7ba1\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms<\/strong>) \u6807\u51c6\u5316 (\u2192 standardization<\/strong>) \u53ca\u5728\u5730\u56fe \u548c\u5730\u540d\u5f55 (\u2192 gazetteers<\/strong>) \u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u89c4\u5219.<\/p>\n

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128, 217 historical name<\/h4>\n

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historical name | nom historique | nombre hist\u00f3rico | \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u00a0| \u5386\u53f2\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym found in historical document(s) and being no longer in current use.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Eboracum (for York, England); Mediolanum (for Milano, Italy); New Amsterdam (for New York, United States of America); Edo (for Tokyo, Japan).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme relev\u00e9 dans un ou plusieurs documents historiques et qui n’est plus usit\u00e9. Exemples \uff1a Ville-Marie pour Montr\u00e9al, au Qu\u00e9bec, au Canada; Lut\u00e8ce ou Lutetia pour Paris, en France; Edo, pour Tokyo, au Japon.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo que se halla en documentos hist\u00f3ricos y que no es de uso corriente. Ejemplos: Eboracum (para York, Inglaterra); Mediolanum (para Milano, Italia); New Amsterdam (para New York, EE. UU.); Edo (para Tokio, Jap\u00f3n).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c(\u0438\u0445) \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435(\u0430\u0445) \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Eboracum (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f); Mediolanum (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u041c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f); New Amsterdam (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0421\u0428\u0410); Edo (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0422\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043e, \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629: (\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0645) Eboracum (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u201d\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627)\u061b \u0648(\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645) Mediolanum (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u201d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u061b \u0648(\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645) New Amsterdam (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u201d\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629)\u061b \u0648(\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0648) Edo (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u00a0\u0644\u0640 \u201d\u0637\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646).<\/p>\n

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\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230, \u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym). \u5982: Eboracum (\u82f1\u56fd\u7ea6\u514b\u90e1\u7684\u65e7 \u79f0); Mediolanum (\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c73\u5170\u7684\u65e7\u79f0); New Amsterdam (\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u65e7\u79f0); Edo (\u65e5\u672c\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u65e7 \u79f0).<\/p>\n

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129 hodonym<\/h4>\n

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hodonym | od\u00f3nimo | \u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u00a0 |\u4ea4\u901a\u8def\u7ebf\u540d\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> odonym.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> odonyme.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase <\/em>od\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: odonym.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u4ea4\u901a\u8def\u7ebf\u540d\u79f0.<\/p>\n

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130 homonym<\/h4>\n

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homonym | homonyme | hom\u00f3nimo | \u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 | \u5f02\u5730\u540c\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of two or more identical \u2192 toponyms denoting different \u2192 topographic features.<\/p>\n

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Example: Monaco (Principaut\u00e9 de) and Monaco (di Baviera), the Italian \u2192 exonym for M\u00fcnchen.<\/p>\n

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Chacun des deux ou plusieurs \u2192 toponymes identiques attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 des \u2192 accidents g\u00e9ographiques diff\u00e9rents. Exemples \uff1a Gentilly (commune de France et secteur de B\u00e9cancour, au Qu\u00e9bec, Canada); Monac\u00f3 (Principaut\u00e9 de) et Monaco (di Baviera), \u2192 exonyme italien pour M\u00fcnchen.<\/p>\n

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Cada uno de dos o m\u00e1s \u2192 top\u00f3nimos id\u00e9nticos que designan elementos topogr\u00e1ficos diferentes. Ejemplo: M\u00f3naco (Principado de) y Monaco (di Baviera), el \u2192 ex\u00f3nimo italiano de M\u00fcnchen.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: Monac\u00f3 (Principaut\u00e9 de) \u0438 Monaco (di Baviera), \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e M\u00fcnchen.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0648 (\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0648 (\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627) \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062e.<\/p>\n

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\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u76f8\u540c\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 \u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic features). \u5982Monaco\u4e3a\u6469 \u7eb3\u54e5\u516c\u56fd\u7684\u7b80\u79f0, \u53c8\u662f\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u5dde)\u7684 \u5916\u6765\u8bed\u8a00\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u7684\u7528\u540d (\u2192 exonym).<\/p>\n

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132 hydronym<\/h4>\n

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hydronym | hydronyme | hidr\u00f3nimo | \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c | (\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u6c34\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym applied to a \u2192 hydrographic feature.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ment hydrographique.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo aplicado a un \u2192 accidente hidrogr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong> (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a).<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e8e\u6c34\u6587\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 hydrographic feature) \u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym applied).<\/p>\n

133 hyphenization, hyphenation<\/h4>\n

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hyphenization, hyphen\u00adation\u00a0|\u00a0trait d\u2019union et tiret\u00a0|\u00a0uni\u00f3n con guiones\u00a0|\u00a0\u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u201d – \u201c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u00a0 |\u00a0\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u8fde\u63a5\u00a0|<\/p>\n


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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a<\/em>) In toponymy, joining two or more elements of a \u2192\u00a0composite name<\/strong> by hyphens; this normally prevents change of word order in an \u2192\u00a0alphabetic<\/strong> listing such as a \u2192\u00a0gazetteer<\/strong>. Examples:<\/em> H\u00f6hr\u2011Gren\u00adzha\u00adusen; Tel-Aviv; Pointe-Sapin-Centre.<\/p>\n

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(b<\/em>) Placing hyphens between the syllables of a word or between words.<\/p>\n

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a<\/em>) En toponymie, le trait d\u2019union ou le tiret sont utilis\u00e9s<\/p>\n

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pour relier entre eux deux ou plusieurs constituants<\/p>\n

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d\u2019une \u2192\u00a0expression toponymique.<\/strong> Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permet d\u2019\u00e9viter<\/p>\n

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que soit modifi\u00e9 l\u2019ordre des mots (des noms) dans une classification \u2192 alphab\u00e9tique, <\/strong>dans un \u2192 r\u00e9pertoire\u00a0<\/strong>par exemple. Exemples\u00a0:<\/em> H\u00f6hr-Grenzhausen; Tel-Aviv; Saint-Sauveur-des-Monts; D\u00f4ng-Nai; Serre-Chevalier-Chantemerle;<\/p>\n

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b<\/em>) Le trait d\u2019union ou tiret peut aussi \u00eatre employ\u00e9 pour s\u00e9parer les syllabes d\u2019un mot ou les mots d\u2019une s\u00e9rie.<\/p>\n

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(a) En toponimia, la uni\u00f3n con guiones de dos o m\u00e1s elementos de un \u2192\u00a0nombre compuesto<\/strong>; se hace para prevenir el cambio del orden de las palabras en un listado \u2192\u00a0alfab\u00e9tico<\/strong>; tal que en un \u2192\u00a0nomencl\u00e1tor.<\/strong> Ejemplos:<\/em> H\u00f6hr-Grenzhausen; Tel-Aviv; Pointe-Sapin-Centre.<\/p>\n

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(b) La colocaci\u00f3n de guiones entre las s\u00edlabas de una palabra o entre palabras.<\/p>\n

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a<\/em>) \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438\u00a0\u2014\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2192\u00a0c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong>; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u2192\u00a0\u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c <\/strong>\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u2192\u00a0\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:\u00a0H\u00f6<\/em>hr-Grenzhausen; Tel-Aviv<\/em>; Pointe-Sapin-Centre.<\/em><\/p>\n

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b<\/em>) \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443<\/p>\n

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\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:\u00a0\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u043d\u0430-\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0443<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u201d-\u201c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628<\/strong>\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0640\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2190 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: H\u00f6hr-Grenzhausen\u061b \u0648Tel-Aviv\u061b \u0648Pointe-Sapin-Centre.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u201d – \u201c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7528\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u8fde\u63a5\u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u5730\u540d (\u2192\u00a0composite name<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6210\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5982\u5728\u5730\u540d\u5f55 (\u2192\u00a0gazetteer<\/strong>) \u4e2d, \u6309\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f (\u2192\u00a0alphabetic<\/strong>) \u6392\u5217\u8bcd\u6761\u65f6, \u5728\u8bcd\u5e8f\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u66f4\u3002\u5982\uff1aH\u00f6hr-Grenzhausen (\u8d6b\u5c14-\u683c\u4f26\u8328\u8c6a\u68ee)\uff1bTel-Aviv (\u7279\u62c9\u7ef4\u592b)\uff1bPointe-Sapin-Centre (\u4e2d\u6ce2\u56e0\u7279\u8428\u5e73)\u3002<\/p>\n

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(b) \u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u7528\u4e8e\u5355\u8bcd\u5404\u97f3\u8282\u95f4\u6216\u8bcd\u4e0e\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n

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134 ideogram<\/h4>\n

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ideogram | id\u00e9ogramme | ideograma | \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444 |\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a | \u610f\u7b26 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) Graphic symbol that symbolizes a thing or an idea but not necessarily a particular word for it. Used by some writers for \u2192 logogram.<\/p>\n

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(b) In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a determinative indicating the meaning of (clustered) \u2192 phonograms.<\/p>\n

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a) Signe graphique repr\u00e9sentatif d\u2019une id\u00e9e ou d\u2019un objet, sans qu\u2019il y ait n\u00e9cessairement un mot qui les d\u00e9signe. Certains auteurs emploient ce terme au lieu de \u2192 logogramme;<\/p>\n

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b) Dans les hi\u00e9roglyphes \u00e9gyptiens, d\u00e9terminant indiquant la signification de \u2192 phonogrammes (group\u00e9s).<\/p>\n

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1. Imagen convencional o s\u00edmbolo gr\u00e1fico que representa una cosa o una idea, pero no palabras o frases fijas que los signifiquen. A veces, en ingl\u00e9s se utiliza en lugar de \u2192 logogram.<\/p>\n

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2. En los jerogl\u00edficos egipcios, un determinativo que indica el significado de \u2192 fonogramas (agrupados).<\/p>\n

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a) \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0412 \u0435\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u2192 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629) \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7, \u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u662f\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a \u7684\u8bcd. \u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logogram).<\/p>\n

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(b) \u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u8c61\u5f62\u5b57\u4e2d, \u610f\u7b26\u8868\u793a\u97f3\u7b26 (\u2192 phonograms) \u7684\u610f\u4e49.<\/p>\n

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135, 288 ideographic script<\/h4>\n

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ideographic script | \u00e9criture id\u00e9ographique, \u00e9criture logographique | escritura ideogr\u00e1fica | \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e | (\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 (\u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a | \u610f\u7b26\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> logographic script.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture appartenant au \u2192 syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture logographique utilisant des \u2192 logogrammes ou \u2192 id\u00e9ogrammes, susceptibles, du moins \u00e0 l\u2019origine, de sugg\u00e9rer des objets. Exemples \uff1a l\u2019\u00e9criture chinoise; l\u2019\u00e9criture japonaise kanji.<\/p>\n

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Una escritura que consta de \u2192 ideogramas y pertenece al \u2192 sistema de escritura \u2192 ideogr\u00e1fico. Ejemplos: la china, la japonesa kanji.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u2192 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0437\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 (script, logographic).<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logograms) \u6784\u6210\u5e76\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logographic) \u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system) \u7684\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script). \u5982: \u4e2d\u56fd\u6c49\u5b57; \u65e5\u672c\u6c49\u5b57.<\/p>\n

136, 234 names index<\/h4>\n

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names index | index toponymique | \u00edndice de top\u00f3nimos | \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 (\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c) \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 | \u5730\u540d\u7d22\u5f15\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> toponymic index.<\/p>\n

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Liste de \u2192 toponymes en indiquant la localisation mais ne donnant \u00e0 leur sujet aucun renseignement, ou des renseignements tr\u00e8s succincts.<\/p>\n

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Lista ordenada de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos, con datos respecto a su ubicaci\u00f3n pero poca o ninguna informaci\u00f3n adicional.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (index, toponymic).<\/p>\n

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\u9644\u6709\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u6392\u5e8f\u8868.<\/p>\n

137, 265 place names index<\/h4>\n

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place name index | index toponymique | \u00edndice de nombres propios de lugar | \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 (\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c) \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 | \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u00a0| \u5730\u540d\u7d22\u5f15 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ordered list of \u2192 toponyms, including data about location but little or no additional information.<\/p>\n

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Liste de \u2192 toponymes en indiquant la localisation mais ne donnant \u00e0 leur sujet aucun renseignement, ou des renseignements tr\u00e8s succincts.<\/p>\n

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Lista ordenada de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos, con datos respecto a su ubicaci\u00f3n pero poca o ninguna informaci\u00f3n adicional.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631<\/em>: \u0641\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (index, toponymic). \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u9644\u6709\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u6392\u5e8f\u8868.<\/p>\n

138, 343 toponymic index<\/h4>\n

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toponymic index | index toponymique | \u00edndice de nombres propios de lugar | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 (\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c) | (\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u540d\u7d22\u5f15 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ordered list of \u2192 toponyms, including data about location but little or no additional information.<\/p>\n

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Liste de \u2192 toponymes en indiquant la localisation mais ne donnant \u00e0 leur sujet aucun renseignement, ou des renseignements tr\u00e8s succincts.<\/p>\n

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Lista ordenada de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos, con datos respecto a su ubicaci\u00f3n pero poca o ninguna informaci\u00f3n adicional.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u9644\u6709\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u6392\u5e8f\u8868.<\/p>\n

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139, 148 indigenous language<\/h4>\n

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indigenous language | langue vernaculaire | lengua nativa | \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u571f\u8005\u8bed\u66f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Language native to a given region.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Langue appartenant \u00e0 une r\u00e9gion donn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua nativa de una regi\u00f3n dada.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0443.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u5185\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672c\u5730\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language).<\/p>\n

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140, 218 indigenous name<\/h4>\n

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indigenous name | nom r\u00e9gional, nom vernaculaire | nombre nativo | \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u00a0| \u571f\u8457\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym in, or derived from, an \u2192 indigenous language.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Culabah (Aboriginal, Australia), Empangeni (Zulu, South Africa).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme utilis\u00e9 dans une \u2192 langue vernaculaire ou forme en d\u00e9coulant. Exemples \uff1a Empangeni (en zoulou, en Afrique du Sud); Culabah (en langue aborig\u00e8ne d’Australie).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo en una \u2192 lengua nativa o derivado de ella. Ejemplos: Culabah (Australia, en aborigen); Empangeni (Sud\u00e1frica, en zul\u00fa).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Culabah (\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438); Empangeni (\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0443 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: (\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647) Culabah (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u061b \u0648(\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a) Empangeni (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n

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\u6e90\u4e8e\u6216\u6d3e\u751f\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u571f\u8457\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 indigenous language) \u7684\u5730\u540d. \u5982: Culabah (\u5e93\u62c9\u5df4\u8d6b, \u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u571f\u8457\u8bed \u5730\u540d); Empangeni (\u6069\u6f58\u76d6\u5c3c, \u5357\u975e\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u5730\u540d).<\/p>\n

142 interface<\/h4>\n

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interface | interface | interfaz | \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 |\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u00a0| \u63a5\u53e3 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A common boundary at which two different computer systems or portions thereof join or intersect. It can be mechanical or electronic, and can also refer to the interaction between humans and computers.<\/p>\n

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Jonction entre deux mat\u00e9riels ou logiciels leur permettant d’\u00e9changer des informations par l’adoption de r\u00e8gles communes physiques ou logiques. D\u00e9signe aussi la jonction entre l’utilisateur et l’ordinateur (interface utilisateur).<\/p>\n

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Zona de comunicaci\u00f3n o acci\u00f3n de un sistema de ordenador o partes del mismo sobre otro u otras partes. Puede ser mec\u00e1nica o electr\u00f3nica y tambi\u00e9n se puede referir a la interacci\u00f3n entre el hombre y el ordenador.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u8fb9\u754c. \u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u628a\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216 \u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5. \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u6216\u7535\u5b50\u7684, \u4e5f \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4eba\u673a\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684.<\/p>\n

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143 International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA<\/h4>\n

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International Pho\u00adnetic Alphabet (IPA) |\u00a0alphabet phon\u00e9tique international (API)\u00a0|\u00a0alfabeto fon\u00e9tico internacional (API)\u00a0|\u00a0\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 (\u041c\u0424\u0410) |\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0|\u00a0\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An internationally recognized set of sym\u00adbols for \u2192\u00a0phonetic<\/strong> tran\u00adscrip\u00adtion. Some examples of IPA notation: [\u014b] for the \u201cng\u201d sound in English \u201csing\u201d; [\u00f2] for the English \u201csh\u201d sound; [a] for \u201ca\u201d in \u201cart\u201d but [e] for \u201ca\u201d in \u201cany\u201d; [\u0173] for consonantic \u201cu\u201d in French \u201cSuisse\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de symboles internationalement reconnu permettant une transcription rigoureuse des principales r\u00e9alisations \u2192 phon\u00e9tiques<\/strong> des diff\u00e9rentes langues. Exemples de notations<\/p>\n

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en API\u00a0: \/\u00f2\/ pour ch<\/em> dans chat, \/\u0292\/ pour j<\/em> dans jour, \/\u0173\/ pour u<\/em> dans nuit, [a] pour le \u2018a\u2019 d\u2019art\u2019, mais [\u03b5] pour le \u2018a\u2019 de l\u2019anglais \u2018any\u2019.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto de s\u00edmbolos reconocidos internacionalmente para la \u2192\u00a0transcripci\u00f3n de fonemas<\/strong>. Ejemplos de la API: [\u014b] para el sonido \u2018ng\u2019 en el ingl\u00e9s \u201csing\u201d; [\u00f2] para el sonido ingl\u00e9s \u2018sh\u2019;<\/p>\n

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[a] para \u2018a\u2019 en \u201cart\u201d pero [\u03b5] para \u2018a\u2019 en \u201cany\u201d; [\u0173] para \u2018u\u2019 consonante en el franc\u00e9s \u201cSuisse\u201d.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u2192\u00a0\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 <\/strong>\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u041c\u0424\u0410: [\u014b] \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e ng<\/em> \u0432 sing<\/em>; [\u00f2] \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e sh<\/em>; [a] \u0434\u043b\u044f a<\/em> \u0432 art<\/em>, \u043d\u043e [e] \u0434\u043b\u044f any<\/em>; [\u0173] \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e u<\/em> \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c Suisse<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: [\u014b] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u201dng\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u201dsing\u201c\u061b \u0648[\u222b] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u201dsh\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629\u061b \u0648[a] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u201da\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u201dart\u201c \u0648 [e] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u201da\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u201dany\u201c\u061b \u0648[\u0173] \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u201du\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u201dSuisse\u201c.<\/p>\n

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\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192\u00a0phonetic<\/strong>) \u6807\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u82f1\u8bed \u201csing\u201d\u4e2d\u201cng\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u6807\u4e3a\uff3b\u014b\uff3d\uff1b\u82f1\u8bed\u201csh\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u6807\u4e3a\uff3b\u00f2\uff3d\uff1b\u201cart\u201d\u4e2d\u201ca\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u6807\u4e3a\uff3ba\uff3d,\u800c\u201cany\u201d\u4e2d\u201ca\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u6807\u4e3a\uff3b\u03b5\uff3d\uff1b\u6cd5\u8bed\u201cSuisse\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\u201cu\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u6807\u4e3a\uff3b\u0173\uff3d\u3002<\/p>\n

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144 international standardization<\/h4>\n

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international standardization | normalisation internationale des noms g\u00e9ographiques | normalizaci\u00f3n internacional de nombres geogr\u00e1ficos | \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f | \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u00a0| \u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u5316 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Activity aimed at reaching maximum practical uniformity in the rendering\u2014oral and written\u2014of all \u2192 geographical names on Earth (and, in a wider sense, of \u2192 toponyms of \u2192 extraterrestrial fea\u00adtures), by means of (1) \u2192 national standardization, and\/or (2) interna\u00adtional convention, including the correspondence between different languag\u00ades and writing systems.<\/p>\n

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Activit\u00e9 qui vise une uniformisation optimale des formes orales ou \u00e9crites de la majorit\u00e9 des \u2192 noms g\u00e9ographiques terrestres et, dans un sens large, des \u2192 toponymes \u2192 extraterrestres \uff1a soit \uff1a 1) par la \u2192 normalisation nationale; soit 2) par convention internationale, fixant \u00e9galement les \u00e9quivalents dans les diverses langues et syst\u00e8mes d’\u00e9criture.<\/p>\n

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Actividad para alcanzar la m\u00e1xima uniformidad pr\u00e1ctica en la presentaci\u00f3n oral o escrita de los \u2192 nombres geogr\u00e1ficos de la Tierra (y en un sentido m\u00e1s amplio de los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos de los \u2192 accidentes extraterrestres) por medio de la \u2192 normalizaci\u00f3n nacional y\/o de una convenci\u00f3n internacional, incluida la correspondencia entre las diferentes lenguas y sistemas de escritura.<\/p>\n

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\u0414\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 [\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u2192 \u2015^\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432] \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1) \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 2) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c (\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/strong>) \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642: (1) \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a <\/strong>\u0648\/\u0623\u0648 (2) \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u5316 (\u2192 national standardization) \u6216\u56fd\u9645 \u534f\u8bae, \u4ee5\u6c42\u8fbe\u5230\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u540d (\u2192 geographical names) (\u52a0\u4e4b\u5730\u7403\u5916\u661f\u4f53\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 extraterrestrial features) \u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 toponyms) ) \u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u7684\u548c\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u7684 \u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00, \u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b \u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94.<\/p>\n

A144, A218 lacustrine name<\/h4>\n

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name, lacustrine | nom de lac ou de mer int\u00e9rieure | nombre propio lacustre | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 | \u6e56\u6cca\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a lake or of an inland sea. Examples: Dead Sea; Ozero Balkhash; Lake Malawi.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme d\u00e9signant un lac ou une mer int\u00e9rieure. Exemples: mer Morte, lac Balkhach, lac Malawi.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio de un lago o de un mar interior. Ejemplos: Mar Muerto, Ozero Balkhash, Lago Malawi.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u041c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435; \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0445\u0430\u0448; \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e \u0422\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u6e56\u6216\u5185\u6d77\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1aDead Sea(\u6b7b\u6d77)\u3001Ozero Balkhash(\u5df4\u5c14\u5580\u4ec0\u6e56)\u3001Lake Malawl(\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u6e56)\u3002<\/p>\n

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145 language<\/h4>\n

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language | langue | lengua | \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 | \u8bed\u8a00 \u8bed\u8a00 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In the context of this glossary, a means of verbal communication used by a large community, including the words, their pronunciation and the methods of combining them.<\/p>\n

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Dans le pr\u00e9sent glossaire, une langue est un instrument de communication verbale utilis\u00e9 par une collectivit\u00e9 num\u00e9riquement importante (lexique, prononciation, syntaxe).<\/p>\n

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En el contexto de este glosario, medio de comunicaci\u00f3n oral empleado por una comunidad amplia, incluidas las palabras, su pronunciaci\u00f3n y las formas de combinarlas.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u672c\u672f\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u5185, \u6b64\u8bcd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5927\u793e\u533a\u5185\u4eba\u4eec\u53e3\u5934\u4ea4\u9645\u7684 \u5de5\u5177, \u5305\u62ec\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u8bfb\u97f3\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u5408\u65b9\u6cd5.<\/p>\n

limnonym<\/strong><\/h4>\n

See –> lacustrine name (A218)<\/p>\n

149, 177 literary language<\/h4>\n

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literary language | langue litt\u00e9raire | lengua literaria | \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a | \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 | \u6587\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Written form of a \u2192 language, regarded as the desirable standard for works of literature. May also form the basis of formal speech. Example: Arabic Na\u00b8hw\u012b as against colloquial dialects. See also \u2192 diglossia.<\/p>\n

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Forme \u00e9crite d’une \u2192 langue, consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme norme souhaitable pour les \u0153uvres litt\u00e9raires. Peut \u00e9galement former la base de la langue orale ch\u00e2ti\u00e9e. Exemple : l’arabe litt\u00e9raire oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 l’arabe dialectal. Voir aussi \u2192 diglossie.<\/p>\n

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Forma escrita de una \u2192 lengua, considerada como la que se debe emplear en las obras literarias. Tambi\u00e9n puede ser la base del habla formal. Ejemplo: el \u00e1rabe Najiw\u00ef, frente a los dialectos coloquiales. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 diglosia.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u7684\u4e66\u9762\u5f62\u5f0f, \u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u6240 \u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8bed. \u4e5f\u662f\u6784\u6210\u6807\u51c6\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u57fa\u7840. \u5982: \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f \u8bed\u7684\u975e\u53e3\u8bed\u65b9\u8a00\u5948\u8d6b\u7ef4\u8bed. \u53c2\u89c1070 \u2192 diglossia.<\/p>\n

150, 198 minority language<\/h4>\n

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minority language | langue minoritaire | lengua minoritaria | \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 | \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a | \u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In a specific region, a \u2192 language that is different from the \u2192 offcial language of State administration and that is spoken by a national minority. It may or may not have official status.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Swedish in Finland, Breton in France, Frisian in the Netherlands.<\/p>\n

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Dans une r\u00e9gion donn\u00e9e, \u2192 langue diff\u00e9rente de la ou des \u2192 langue(s) officielle(s) et qui n’est parl\u00e9e que par une minorit\u00e9 nationale. Une langue minoritaire peut avoir ou non un statut officiel. Exemple \uff1a le su\u00e9dois en Finlande, le breton en France, le frison aux Pays-Bas.<\/p>\n

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En una regi\u00f3n determinada, una \u2192 lengua que es diferente de la \u2192 lengua oficial y que es hablada por una minor\u00eda. Puede tener o no car\u00e1cter oficial. Ejemplos: el sueco en Finlandia, el bret\u00f3n en Francia, el fris\u00f3n en los Pa\u00edses Bajos.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b : \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432 \u0424 \u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438; \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0444\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u5185, \u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 official language) , \u7531 \u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u64cd\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00. \u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u53ef \u80fd\u5177\u6709\uff08\u6216\u6ca1\u6709)\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5730\u4f4d. \u5982: \u82ac\u5170\u7684\u745e\u5178\u8bed, \u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5e03\u5217\u5854\u5c3c\u4eba\u8bf4\u7684\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u8bed\u548c\u8377\u5170\u7684\u5f17\u91cc\u897f\u4e9a \u8bed.<\/p>\n

151, 237 national language<\/h4>\n

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national language | langue nationale | lengua nacional | \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u56fd\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Language in widespread and current use throughout a specific country or in parts of its territory, and often representative of the identity of its speakers. It may or may not have the status of an \u2192 official language.<\/p>\n

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Example: Rhaeto-Romance (R\u00e4toromanisch) in parts of Switzerland.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Langue dont l’usage r\u00e9pandu et vivant, dans l’ensemble d’un pays donn\u00e9 ou dans une partie de son territoire, est souvent repr\u00e9sentatif de l’identit\u00e9 des locuteurs. Elle peut avoir, ou non, le statut de \u2192 langue officielle. Exemples \uff1a Le romanche (R\u00e4toromanisch) dans certaines parties de Suisse; le swahili au Za\u00efre.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua de uso com\u00fan y difundido en un pa\u00eds o en parte de su territorio y frecuentemente representativa de la identidad de los que la hablan. Puede o no tener el car\u00e1cter de \u2192 lengua oficial. Ejemplo: el retorromano (R\u00e4toromanisch) en partes de Suiza.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c. \u041e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0640\u0640\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Rhaeto-Romance (R\u00e4toromanisch)) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u6216\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language). \u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u64cd\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u4eba\u7684\u7c4d\u522b. \u5b83 \u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u6216\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 official language) \u7684\u5730\u4f4d. \u5982: \u745e\u58eb\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5229\u6258-\u7f57\u66fc\u8bed\uff08\u7f57\u66fc\u4ec0 \u8bed).<\/p>\n

152, 241 non-official\/unofficial language<\/h4>\n

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non-official language | langue non officielle | lengua no oficial | \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 language<\/strong> that, though relatively widely used, lacks officially sanctioned status in a particular legally constituted political entity. Example: French in Lebanon; English in Israel.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Langue<\/strong> en usage, mais qui n’est pas reconnue explicitement comme officielle au sein d’une communaut\u00e9 politique l\u00e9galemen constitu\u00e9e. Exemples \uff1a l’espagnol aux Etats-Unis, l’anglais en Isra\u00ebl, le fran\u00e7ais au Liban.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua<\/strong> que aunque usada con relativa amplitud no es reconocida en una entidad pol\u00edtica legalmente constituida. Ejemplos: el franc\u00e9s en el L\u00edbano; el ingl\u00e9s en Israel.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/strong>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b : \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u867d\u7136\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u5185\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e7f\u6cdb, \u4f46\u4e0d\u5177\u6709 \u5b98\u65b9\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language<\/strong>). \u5982: \u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5 \u8bed; \u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u7684\u82f1\u8bed.<\/p>\n

153, 248 official language<\/h4>\n

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official language | langue officielle | lengua oficial | \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 language<\/strong> that has legal status in a particular legally constituted political entity such as a State or part of a State, and that serves as a language of administration. Examples: Spanish in Chile; Italian and German in Alto Adige (Italy).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Langue<\/strong> ayant un statut l\u00e9gal au sein d\u2019une communaut\u00e9 politique l\u00e9galement constitu\u00e9e, Etat ou partie d\u2019Etat par exemple, et utilis\u00e9e comme langue de l\u2019Administration. Exemples : Afrikaans et anglais et 9 langues africaines autochtones en Afrique du Sud, espagnol au Chili, anglais et fran\u00e7ais au Canada, italien et allemand dans le Haut-Adige (Italie).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua<\/strong> que goza de reconocimiento oficial en una determinada entidad legalmente constituida, tal como un Estado o parte de un Estado, y que es la utilizada por la administraci\u00f3n. Ejemplos: el italiano y el alem\u00e1n en Alto Adigio (Italia); el espa\u00f1ol en Chile.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0432 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432 \u0427\u0438\u043b\u0438; \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e-\u0410\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0435 (\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f); \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u062c\u064a (\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n

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\u6cd5\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u5185 (\u5982\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u5185) , \u5177 \u6709\u5b98\u65b9\u5730\u4f4d, \u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language). \u5982: \u667a\u5229\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed; \u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e0a\u963f\u8fea\u6770 \u5730\u533a\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u548c\u5fb7\u8bed.<\/p>\n

154, 267 principal language<\/h4>\n

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principal language | langue principale | lengua principal | \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a | \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 | \u4e3b\u8981\u8bed\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In a \u2192 linguistic community where more than one \u2192 language is in use, the language that has the most adherents.<\/p>\n

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Example: German, not Italian, in Alto Adige (Italy); English, not Welsh, in Wales.<\/p>\n

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Langue dont l’usage est le plus r\u00e9pandu et le plus courant au sein d’une \u2192 communaut\u00e9 linguistique o\u00f9 plusieurs \u2192 langues sont parl\u00e9es. Exemples : allemand (et non pas italien) dans le Haut-Adige, anglais (et non gallois) au pays de Galles.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua que dentro de una \u2192 comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica que tiene dos o m\u00e1s \u2192 lenguas goza de preferencia reconocida por la mayor\u00eda de los habitantes. Ejemplos: el alem\u00e1n, no el italiano, en el Alto Adigio (Italia); el ingl\u00e9s, no el gal\u00e9s, en Gales.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e-\u0410\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0435 (\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f); \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u044d\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0432 \u0423\u044d\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0640\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0640\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u062c\u064a (\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632.<\/p>\n

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\u64cd\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u793e\u533a (\u2192 linguistic community) \u91cc\u6700\u901a \u884c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language). \u5982: \u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e0a\u963f\u8fea\u6770\u5730\u533a\u7684 \u4e3b\u8981\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u5fb7\u8bed,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed; \u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u90e1\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bed \u8a00\u662f\u82f1\u8bed, \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u8bed.<\/p>\n

155, 273 receiver language<\/h4>\n

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receiver language | langue d\u2019arriv\u00e9e | lengua de t\u00e9rmino | \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 | \u76ee\u7684\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> target language.<\/p>\n

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Langue dans laquelle peut \u00eatre produit l\u2019\u00e9quivalent le plus proche d\u2019un toponyme appartenant \u00e0 une autre langue, dite \u2192 langue de d\u00e9part. Exemple \uff1a dans la \u2192 conversion de l\u2019arabe en fran\u00e7ais, la langue d\u2019arriv\u00e9e est le fran\u00e7ais.<\/p>\n

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Lengua en la que un top\u00f3nimo puede ser adoptado o transformado a partir de su \u2192 lengua de origen. Ejemplo: en la \u2192 conversi\u00f3n del \u00e1rabe al franc\u00e9s, esta \u00faltima es la lengua de t\u00e9rmino.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 (language target).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u7684\u539f\u8bed (\u2192 source language) \u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u91c7\u7528\u6216 \u8f6c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5f62\u5f0f, \u540e\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5373\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8bed. \u5982: \u5730\u540d\u4ece\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 conversion) \u4e3a\u6cd5\u8bed \u5f62\u5f0f, \u540e\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u5373\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8bed.<\/p>\n

156, 305 source language<\/h4>\n

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source language | langue de d\u00e9part | lengua de origen | \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\/\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 | \u539f\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Language from which a name is transformed to, or adopted by, another language, the \u2192 target language.<\/p>\n

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Example: in \u2192 conversion from Russian to Chinese, the former is the source language.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Langue \u00e0 partir de laquelle l’\u00e9quivalent le plus proche d’un nom g\u00e9ographique peut \u00eatre produit ou adopt\u00e9 dans une autre langue, dite \u2192 langue d’arriv\u00e9e ou \u2192 langue cible. Exemple : dans la \u2192 conversion du russe en fran\u00e7ais, le russe est la langue de d\u00e9part.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua en cuyos t\u00e9rminos se produce un nombre geogr\u00e1fico y a partir de lo cual \u00e9ste puede ser adoptado o convertido para su empleo en otra lengua, denominada \u2192 lengua de t\u00e9rmino. Ejemplo: en la \u2192 conversi\u00f3n del ruso al chino, la primera es la lengua de origen.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0640\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u7684\u5730\u540d\u88ab\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6240\u8f6c\u8bd1 \u6216\u91c7\u7528. \u524d\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u79f0\u539f\u8bed, \u540e\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u79f0\u76ee\u7684\u8bed (\u2192 target language). \u5982: \u4ece\u4fc4\u8bed\u8f6c\u5199\u4e3a\u6c49\u8bed, \u539f\u6765\u7684 \u8bed\u8a00 (\u4fc4\u8bed) \u5373\u4e3a\u539f\u8bed.<\/p>\n

157, 310 standard language<\/h4>\n

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standard language | langue commune | lengua normalizada | \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a (\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439) |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\/\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u00a0| \u6807\u51c6\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The form of speech and\/or writing of a language that is specified as correct by an officially appointed or widely recognized authority, or, in the absence of such an authority, that is generally accepted as correct in a \u2192 linguistic community.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Hochdeutsch in German; Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands in the Netherlands.<\/p>\n

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Forme \u00e9crite, forme parl\u00e9e (ou les deux) d’une langue donn\u00e9e, d\u00e9clar\u00e9e forme correcte de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence par un organe officiel ou d’autorit\u00e9 largement reconnue, ou, \u00e0 d\u00e9faut, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accept\u00e9e comme correcte dans une \u2192 communaut\u00e9 linguistique. Exemples : pour l’allemand, le Hochdeutsch, pour le n\u00e9erlandais, le Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands.<\/p>\n

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Forma del habla y\/o de la escritura de una lengua declarada o preferida como correcta por una autoridad oficialmente designada o ampliamente reconocida. En ausencia de \u00e9sta, la forma que generalmente est\u00e1 reconocida como correcta en una \u2192 comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica. Ejemplos: Hochdeutsch en alem\u00e1n; Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands en los Pa\u00edses Bajos.<\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Hochdeutsch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b\u00a0\u0648 Algemeen Beschaafd Netherlands \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u5b98\u65b9\u6307\u5b9a\u6216\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u673a\u6784\u6240\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6216 \u8005\u867d\u672a\u7ecf\u6743\u5a01\u673a\u6784\u8ba4\u53ef, \u4f46\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a\u5185\u5df2\u4f5c\u4e3a \u6b63\u786e\u5f62\u5f0f\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u53e3\u8bed\u548c\/\u6216\u4e66\u9762\u5f62 \u5f0f. \u5982: \u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed.<\/p>\n

158, 329 target language<\/h4>\n

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target language | langue d\u2019arriv\u00e9e | lengua de t\u00e9rmino | \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\/\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 | \u76ee\u7684\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Language in terms of which a toponym may be adopted or transformed from its \u2192 source language.<\/p>\n

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Example: in \u2192 conversion from Arabic to French, the latter is the target language.<\/p>\n

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Langue dans laquelle peut \u00eatre produit l’\u00e9quivalent le plus proche d’un toponyme appartenant \u00e0 une autre langue, dite \u2192 langue de d\u00e9part. Exemple \uff1a dans la \u2192 conversion de l’arabe en fran\u00e7ais, la langue d’arriv\u00e9e est le fran\u00e7ais.<\/p>\n

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Lengua en la que un top\u00f3nimo puede ser adoptado o transformado a partir de su \u2192 lengua de origen. Ejemplo: en la \u2192 conversi\u00f3n del \u00e1rabe al franc\u00e9s, esta \u00faltima es la lengua de t\u00e9rmino.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u7684\u539f\u8bed (\u2192 source language) \u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u91c7\u7528\u6216 \u8f6c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5f62\u5f0f, \u540e\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5373\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8bed. \u5982: \u5730\u540d\u4ece\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 conversion) \u4e3a\u6cd5\u8bed \u5f62\u5f0f, \u540e\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u8bed\u5373\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8bed.<\/p>\n

159, 365 vehicular language<\/h4>\n

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vehicular language | langue v\u00e9hiculaire | lengua vehicular | \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 | \u4ea4\u9645\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Language that serves communication between members of different \u2192 linguistic communities.<\/p>\n

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Example: English is the vehicular language of civil aviation throughout most of the world.<\/p>\n

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Langue servant d’instrument de communication entre les membres de diff\u00e9rentes \u2192 communaut\u00e9s linguistiques. Exemples : l’anglais est la langue v\u00e9hiculaire de l’aviation civile dans la majeure partie du monde.<\/p>\n

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Lengua que sirve como medio de comunicaci\u00f3n entre miembros de \u2192 comunidades ling\u00fc\u00edsticas diferentes. Ejemplo: el ingl\u00e9s es la lengua vehicular de la aviaci\u00f3n civil en la mayor parte del mundo.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a (\u2192 linguistic communities) \u6210\u5458\u95f4\u4ea4\u5f80 \u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00. \u5982: \u82f1\u8bed\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6c11\u822a\u6240\u7528\u7684 \u4ea4\u9645\u8bed.<\/p>\n

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160 letter<\/h4>\n

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letter | lettre | letra | \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 |\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 | \u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic symbol serving as a unit or \u2192 character in an \u2192 alphabet.<\/p>\n

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Chacun des signes graphiques dont est constitu\u00e9 un \u2192 alphabet.<\/p>\n

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Cada uno de los signos gr\u00e1ficos con que se representan los sonidos de una lengua, y que es un \u2192 car\u00e1cter aislado en los sistemas alfab\u00e9ticos de escritura.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet) \u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 character).<\/p>\n

161 basic letter<\/h4>\n

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basic letter\u00a0|\u00a0lettre simple\u00a0| letra b\u00e1sica\u00a0| \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u00a0| \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a | \u57fa\u7840\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Fundamental form of a \u2192letter<\/strong> without \u2192diacritics<\/strong>. Examples: German o as against \u00f6 ; Portuguese a as against \u00e3.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Fundamental form of a \u2192 letter<\/strong> without \u2192\u00a0diacritics<\/strong>. Examples:<\/em> Polish l as against \u0142; Icelandic D as against \u00d0.<\/p>\n

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Forme de base d\u2019une \u2192 lettre, <\/strong>sans les \u2192 signes diacritiques<\/strong> susceptibles de l\u2019accompagner.\u00a0Exemples\u00a0:<\/em> l en comparaison de \u0142 en polonais et D en comparaison de \u00d0 en islandais.<\/p>\n

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Forma fundamental de una \u2192\u00a0letra<\/strong> sin diacr\u00edticos<\/strong>. Ejemplos:<\/em> la l polaca frente a la \u0142 ; la D islandesa frente a la \u00d0.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b <\/strong>\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u2192\u00a0\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 l<\/em> \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0142<\/em>; \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2014 D<\/em> \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0110<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 <\/strong>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u062d\u0631\u0641 l \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0142 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641 D \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0110 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192\u00a0diacritics<\/strong>) \u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192\u00a0letter<\/strong>) \u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u6ce2\u5170\u8bed \u0142 \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3al\uff1b\u51b0\u5c9b\u8bed \u00d0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3aD\u3002<\/p>\n

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163, 371 vowel letter<\/h4>\n

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vowel letter | lettre-voyelle | letra vocal | \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\/\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0651\u0646 | \u5143\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Letter<\/strong> of an \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> representing a vowel.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Roman a, e, i, o, u; Greek \u03b1, \u03b5, \u03b7, \u03b9, \u03bf, \u03c5, \u03c9; Russian \u0430, \u0435, \u0438, \u043e, \u0443; Hebrew \u05d5\u05b9<\/span>; Thai \u0e32, Korean \u3157, \u315c.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lettre<\/strong> d\u2019un \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> repr\u00e9sentant une voyelle.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> latin a, e, i, o, u; grec \u03b1, \u03b5, \u03b7, \u03b9, \u03bf, \u03c5, \u03c9; russe \u0430, \u0435, \u0438, \u043e, \u0443; h\u00e9breu \u05d5\u05b9; thai \u0e32; cor\u00e9en \u3157, \u315c.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Letra<\/strong> de un \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong> que representa un sonido y articulaci\u00f3n vocales.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> a, e, i, o, u romanas; \u03b1, \u03b5, \u03b7, \u03b9, \u03bf, \u03c5, \u03c9 griegas; \u0430, \u0435, \u0438, \u043e, \u0443 rusas; \u05d5\u05b9 hebrea; \u0e32 tai; \u3157, \u315c coreanas.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430<\/strong> \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 a, e, i, o, u; \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u03b1, \u0435, \u03b7, \u03b9, \u03bf, \u03c5, \u03c9; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430, \u0435, \u0438, \u043e, \u0443; \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u05d5\u05b9; \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0e32; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u3157, \u315c.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: a, e, i, o, u \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u03b1, \u03b5, \u03b7, \u03b9, \u03bf, \u03c5, \u03c9 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0648 \u0430, \u0435, \u0438, \u043e, \u0443 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \ufb4b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u0e32 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u3157\u060c \u315c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter<\/strong>). \u5982: \u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd a, e, i, o, u; \u5e0c\u814a\u5b57\u6bcd \u03b1, \u03b5, \u03b7, \u03b9, \u03bf, \u03c5, \u03c9; \u4fc4\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd a, \u0435, \u0438, o, \u0443; \u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u5b57\u6bcd \u05d5\u05b9; \u6cf0\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd \u0e32; \u671d \u9c9c\u5b57\u6bcd \u3157, \u315c.<\/p>\n

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164, 186 map lettering<\/h4>\n

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map lettering | \u00e9critures cartographiques | rotulaci\u00f3n de mapa | \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 | \u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) \u2192 Map script in an \u2192 alphabetic writing system. In a wider sense, map script.<\/p>\n

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(b) Activity of inserting (\u2192 alphabetic) script in a map.<\/p>\n

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a) Ensemble des caract\u00e8res alphanum\u00e9riques et des signes de ponctuation utilis\u00e9s pour la transcription des \u2192 toponymes, des l\u00e9gendes et des autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments sur un support cartographique. On dit aussi \u00ab annotations \u00bb pour les \u00e9critures non toponymiques;<\/p>\n

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b) Activit\u00e9 consistant \u00e0 consigner des \u00e9critures sur une carte g\u00e9ographique.<\/p>\n

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1. R\u00f3tulos de un mapa en un sistema de escritura \u2192 alfab\u00e9tico. En sentido amplio, \u2192 rotulaci\u00f3n de mapas.<\/p>\n

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2. Actividad de inscribir una escritura (\u2192 alfab\u00e9tica) en un mapa.<\/p>\n

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a) \u2192 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 [\u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439] \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 ) \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00a0\u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631).<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 (\u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7528\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabetic) \u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u6807\u6ce8\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8 \u8bb0, \u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4, \u79f0\u4e3a\u5730\u56fe\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 map script).<\/p>\n

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(b) \u5730\u56fe\u4e0a, \u6807\u6ce8\uff08\u5b57\u6bcd)\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8.<\/p>\n

165 multilingual lettering<\/h4>\n

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multilingual lettering\u00a0|\u00a0\u00e9criture cartographique multilingue |\u00a0rotulaci\u00f3n multiling\u00fce\u00a0|\u00a0\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438\u00a0| (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00a0|\u00a0\u591a\u8bed\u6ce8\u8bb0\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192\u00a0Map lettering<\/strong> in a \u2192\u00a0multilingual map<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture cartographique\u00a0<\/strong>figurant sur une \u2192\u00a0carte multilingue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Rotulaci\u00f3n de mapa<\/strong> en un \u2192\u00a0mapa multiling\u00fce.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438<\/strong>, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435<\/strong> \u043d\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u591a\u8bed\u5730\u56fe (\u2192\u00a0multilingual map<\/strong>) \u7684\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0<\/p>\n

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(\u2192\u00a0map lettering<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

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166, 208 multiscriptual lettering<\/h4>\n

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multiscriptual lettering |\u00a0\u00e9criture cartographique multiscripturale\u00a0|\u00a0rotulaci\u00f3n pol\u00edglota\u00a0|\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430\u00a0|\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u00a0|\u00a0\u591a\u6587\u5b57\u6ce8\u8bb0\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Map lettering<\/strong> in a \u2192 multiscriptual map<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture cartographique<\/strong> figurant sur une\u00a0\u2192\u00a0carte multiscripturale.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Rotulaci\u00f3n<\/strong> de mapa<\/strong> en un \u2192\u00a0mapa pol\u00edglota.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438<\/strong>, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435<\/strong>, \u043d\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u591a\u6587\u5b57\u5730\u56fe (\u2192\u00a0multiscriptual map<\/strong>) \u7684\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0<\/p>\n

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(\u2192 map lettering<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

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167 cardinal letters<\/h4>\n

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cardinal letters\u00a0|\u00a0lettres cardinales\u00a0|\u00a0letras cardinales\u00a0|\u00a0\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00a0\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b\u00a0|\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u57fa\u672c\u5b57\u6bcd<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The \u2192\u00a0letters<\/strong> of a \u2192\u00a0script<\/strong> contained in most \u2192\u00a0alpha\u00adbets<\/strong> that use that script. Examples:<\/em> the Roman alphabet excluding e.g. the letters K, Q, X; the traditional Arabic letters of the Persian (Farsi) alphabet. Complementary term: \u2192\u00a0special letters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lettres<\/strong> d\u2019une \u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> constituant le fonds commun des diff\u00e9rents \u2192 alphabets<\/strong> utilisant ce syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture.\u00a0Exemples\u00a0:<\/em> l\u2019alphabet latin \u00e0 l\u2019exception, par exemple, des lettres K, Q, X; les caract\u00e8res arabes classiques du farsi (perse). Terme compl\u00e9mentaire\u00a0: \u2192 lettres sp\u00e9ciales.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Las \u2192 letras<\/strong> de una \u2192\u00a0escritura <\/strong>que est\u00e1n contenidas en la mayor\u00eda de los \u2192\u00a0alfabetos<\/strong> que usan dicha escritura. Ejemplos:<\/em> el alfabeto romano a excepci\u00f3n de las letras K, Q y X; las letras \u00e1rabes tradicionales del alfabeto persa (farsi). T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 letras especiales.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b<\/strong>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u2192\u00a0\u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, <\/strong>\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u2192\u00a0\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442, \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432 K<\/em>, Q<\/em>, X<\/em>; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c (\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438) \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192\u00a0\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 K, Q, X \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u6240\u7528\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192\u00a0alphabet<\/strong>) \u5185\u5747\u6709\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192\u00a0letter<\/strong>)\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u4e2d\u7684K, Q, X\uff1b\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002\u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed\uff1a168 \u2192\u00a0letters<\/strong>, special<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

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168 special letters<\/h4>\n

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special letters | lettres sp\u00e9ciales | letras especiales | \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b |\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 | \u4e13\u7528\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The \u2192 letters<\/strong> of the \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> of a particular language that are characteristic of, or unique to, that language, being absent in all or most other alphabets using the same script.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Danish \u00f8; Icelandic \u00fe, \u00f0; German \u00df; Persian \u06af. Complementary term: \u2192 cardinal<\/strong> letters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lettres<\/strong> de l\u2019\u2192 alphabet<\/strong> d\u2019une seule langue, caract\u00e9ristiques de cette langue, et absentes de la plupart des autres alphabets du m\u00eame syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> \u00f8 danois, \u00f0 islandais, \u00df allemand, \u06af persan. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire: \u2192 lettres cardinales<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Las \u2192 letras<\/strong> del \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong> de una lengua determinada que son caracter\u00edsticas de esta lengua, o \u00fanicas en ella, y que no existen en todos o en la mayor\u00eda de los otros alfabetos que usan la misma escritura.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> la \u00f1 espa\u00f1ola; la \u00f8 danesa; las \u00fe, \u00f0 islandesas; la \u00df alemana; la \u06af persa. T\u00e9rmino complementario \u2192 letras cardinales<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b<\/strong> \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00f8; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u00fe, \u00f0, \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00df; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u06af. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0640\u0640\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u00f8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u00fe \u0648 \u00f0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u2190 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \ufb92 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u4e2d\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b57\u6bcd, \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e0d \u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u4e2d.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u4e39\u9ea6\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684 \u00f8; \u51b0\u5c9b\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684 \u00fe, \u00f0; \u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684 \u03b2; \u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684 \u06af. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 cardinal letters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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169 lexicon<\/h4>\n

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lexicon | dictionnaire | l\u00e9xico | \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d |\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u8bcd\u5178, \u8bcd\u6c47\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) A dictionary or \u2192 glossary relating to a particular language or sphere of interest.<\/p>\n

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(b) The vocabulary of an individual person, an occupational group or a professional field.<\/p>\n

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Recueil pr\u00e9sentant dans l\u2019ordre alphab\u00e9tique le lexique d\u2019une langue ou d\u2019un domaine d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat particuliers, en fournissant pour chaque terme un certain nombre d\u2019informations (genre, cat\u00e9gorie grammaticale, d\u00e9finition, exemples, etc.).<\/p>\n

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1. Diccionario o \u2192 glosario de cualquier lengua o actividad determinada.<\/p>\n

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2. Conjunto de las palabras de que se vale una persona, un grupo o una especialidad.<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u884c\u4e1a\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8bcd\u5178\u6216\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868 (\u2192 glossary).<\/p>\n

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(b) \u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u7ec4\u6216\u67d0\u4e1a\u52a1\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868.<\/p>\n

170, 181 logographic lexicon<\/h4>\n

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logographic lexicon | dictionnaire d\u2019id\u00e9ogrammes, dictionnaire logographique | l\u00e9xico ideogr\u00e1fico | \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c; \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c |\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 | \u5b57\u5178 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An ordered list of the \u2192 characters of a \u2192 logographic script; the counterpart of an \u2192 alphabet in \u2192 alphabetic script and of a \u2192 syllabary in \u2192 syllabic script.<\/p>\n

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Liste ordonn\u00e9e des \u2192 caract\u00e8res d\u2019une \u2192 \u00e9criture id\u00e9ographique; l\u2019\u00e9quivalent d\u2019un \u2192 alphabet pour une \u2192 \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique et d\u2019un \u2192 syllabaire pour une \u2192 \u00e9criture syllabique.<\/p>\n

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Lista ordenada de los \u2192 caracteres de una \u2192 escritura ideogr\u00e1fica; es semejante a un \u2192 alfabeto en una \u2192 escritura alfab\u00e9tica y a un \u2192 silabario en una \u2192 escritura sil\u00e1bica.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong> \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0640\u062c\u0640\u0640\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0640\u0640\u062c\u0640\u0640\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u6309\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logographic script) \u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 character) \u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u5b57\u6c47\u8868. \u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 alphabetic script) \u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet) \u548c\u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 syllabic script) \u7684\u97f3\u8282\u8868 (\u2192 syllabary).<\/p>\n

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171 ligature<\/h4>\n

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ligature | ligature | ligado | \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 | \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\/\u062f\u0645\u062c\u064a\u00a0| \u8fde\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A graphic stylized combination of two \u2192 letters, or a connecting line or stroke, indicating that successive sounds are to be pronounced as one.<\/p>\n

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Examples: \u0153 (derived from o + e); kh, pronounced as \u2192 IPA \/x\/ or German ch in ach.<\/p>\n

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Combinaison graphique de deux \u2192 lettres, soit accol\u00e9es, soit reli\u00e9es entre elles par un trait, indiquant qu’il s’agit d’un caract\u00e8re unique. Exemple : \u0153, d\u00e9riv\u00e9 de o et e, dans le fran\u00e7ais \u0153uf.<\/p>\n

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Combinaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica estilizada de dos \u2192 letras, o una l\u00ednea de conexi\u00f3n o un trazo, que indica que dos sonidos sucesivos se han de pronunciar como uno solo. Ejemplos: \u0153 (derivado de o + e); kh, que se pronuncia como el \/x\/ del \u2192 API o la ch alemana en “ach”.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0153 (\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e + \u0435); kh \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u2192 \u041c\u0424\u0410 \u043a\u0430\u043a \/\u0445\/ \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 ch \u0432 ach.<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u064a\u0640\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0153 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 o<\/em> + e<\/em>)\u061b \u0648 kh<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \/x\/ \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 ch<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 ach<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u4e66\u5199\u4e2d, \u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letters) \u7684\u8fde\u63a5, \u6216\u8fde\u7ebf\u6216 \u8fde\u7b14, \u8868\u793a\u5176\u8bfb\u97f3\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3. \u5982: \u0153 (\u6e90\u81eao + e) ; kh \u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807 (\u2192 IPA) \u4e3a\/x\/\u97f3, \u6216\u53d1\u5fb7\u8bedach\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7684 ch\u97f3.<\/p>\n

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172 lingua franca<\/h4>\n

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lingua franca | pidgin | lengua franca | \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a | \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 | \u6df7\u5408\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Auxiliary language used for communication between groups of people with different native languages. Examples:<\/em> Swahili in East Africa, Quechwa in the Andean regions. See also \u2192 pidgin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Langue auxiliaire de relation, n\u00e9e de la simplification de \u2192 langues en contact et ne servant qu’\u00e0 des besoins limit\u00e9s, notamment commerciaux, sans \u00eatre une langue maternelle. On dit qu’un pidgin qui devient la langue maternelle d’une communaut\u00e9 linguistique s’est cr\u00e9olis\u00e9. A la diff\u00e9rence des sabirs, les pidgins sont des syst\u00e8mes complets seconds, dont la \u2192 grammaire, la structure \u2192 phonologique et le style sont plus simples que ceux des langues dont ils proviennent. Exemples \uff1a le petit mauresque (bas\u00e9 sur le fran\u00e7ais, en Afrique du Nord); le fanagal\u00f3 (bas\u00e9 essentiellement sur le zoulou, en Afrique du Sud); le pidgin m\u00e9lan\u00e9sien, ou bichlamar, m\u00e9lange d’anglais et de m\u00e9lan\u00e9sien; la lingua franca, \u00e0 base d’italien central. Voir aussi \u2192 cr\u00e9ole.<\/p>\n

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La que es mezcla de dos o m\u00e1s y con la cual se entienden los naturales de pueblos distintos. Ejemplos:<\/em> el swahili en el \u00c1frica oriental; el quechua en las regiones andinas. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192\u00a0<\/em>pidgin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0412\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0441\u0443\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u0435\u0447\u0443\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> \u2192\u00a0\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 (Quechwa) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0632. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u5f80\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u8bed\u3002\u5982:\u975e\u6d32\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u548c\u5357\u7f8e\u5b89\u7b2c\u65af\u9ad8\u539f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u51ef\u695a\u4e9a\u8bed\u3002\u53c2\u89c1 \u2192\u00a0pidgin<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

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173 linguistic area<\/h4>\n

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linguistic area | aire linguistique | regi\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica | \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b | \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u8bed\u8a00\u533a|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> linguistic region.<\/p>\n

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Aire ou r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 une \u2192 langue donn\u00e9e constitue la \u2192 langue officielle ou \u2192 principale. Exemples : les aires wallonne et flamande en Belgique, l\u2019aire catalane, l\u2019aire basque en France.<\/p>\n

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Regi\u00f3n o \u00e1rea donde una lengua determinada constituye la \u2192 oficial o \u2192 principal. Ejemplo: las regiones flamenca y valona en B\u00e9lgica.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0424\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: linguistic region.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5df2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\uff08 \u2192 official) \u6216\u4e3b\u8981 \u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 principal language) \u7684\u5730\u533a. \u5982: \u6bd4\u5229 \u65f6\u7684Flemish (\u4f5b\u5170\u8292\u8bed)\u548cWalloon (\u74e6\u9f99\u8bed) \u533a.<\/p>\n

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174 linguistic community<\/h4>\n

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linguistic community | communaut\u00e9 linguistique | comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica | \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e | \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 | \u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a |<\/p>\n


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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A group of people who communicate with relative ease in a common \u2192 language or \u2192 dialect.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble d’individus capables de communiquer entre eux avec une relative facilit\u00e9 au moyen d’une \u2192 langue ou d’un \u2192 dialecte communs.<\/p>\n

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La totalidad de los individuos que se comunican con relativa facilidad en una misma \u2192 lengua o \u2192 dialecto.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u4eba \u7fa4.<\/p>\n

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175 linguistic region<\/h4>\n

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linguistic region | aire linguistique | regi\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica | \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c |\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u8bed\u8a00\u533a |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Region or area where a particular language constitutes the \u2192 official or \u2192 principal language.<\/p>\n

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Example: the Flemish and Walloon regions in Belgium.<\/p>\n

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Aire ou r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 une \u2192 langue donn\u00e9e constitue la \u2192 langue officielle ou \u2192 principale. Exemples : les aires wallonne et flamande en Belgique, l’aire catalane, l’aire basque en France.<\/p>\n

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Regi\u00f3n o \u00e1rea donde una lengua determinada constituye la \u2192 oficial o \u2192 principal. Ejemplo: las regiones flamenca y valona en B\u00e9lgica.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0424\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5df2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\uff08 \u2192 official) \u6216\u4e3b\u8981 \u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 principal language) \u7684\u5730\u533a. \u5982: \u6bd4\u5229 \u65f6\u7684Flemish (\u4f5b\u5170\u8292\u8bed)\u548cWalloon (\u74e6\u9f99\u8bed) \u533a.<\/p>\n

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176 linguistics<\/h4>\n

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linguistics | linguistique | ling\u00fc\u00edstica | \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a | \u8bed\u8a00\u5b66 \u8bed\u8a00\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The scientific study of human language in all its aspects, including \u2192 phonetics, \u2192 phonology, \u2192 morphology, \u2192 syntax and \u2192 semantics.<\/p>\n

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Science qui a pour objet l’\u00e9tude du langage humain sous tous ses aspects (\u2192 phon\u00e9tique \u2192 phonologie \u2192 morphologie \u2192 syntaxe et \u2192 s\u00e9mantique).<\/p>\n

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Ciencia del lenguaje que lo estudia cient\u00edficamente en todas sus ramas: \u2192 fon\u00e9tica, \u2192 fonolog\u00eda, \u2192 morfolog\u00eda, \u2192 sintaxis y \u2192 sem\u00e1ntica.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0640\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a <\/strong>\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627) \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 <\/strong>\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648<\/strong> \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2, \u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5b66\u79d1, \u5305\u62ec\u8bed\u97f3\u5b66 (\u2192 phonetics) \u3001 \u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66 (\u2192 phonology) \u3001\u5f62\u6001\u5b66 (\u2192 morphology) \u3001\u53e5\u6cd5 (\u2192 syntax) \u548c\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66 (\u2192 semantics) \u7b49.<\/p>\n

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178, 219 local name<\/h4>\n

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local name | nom local | nombre propio local | \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a | \u5f53\u5730\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym applied by a geographically limited sector of a \u2192 linguistic community to a feature within its area. It may differ from the \u2192 standardized name.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme utilis\u00e9 pour une entit\u00e9 situ\u00e9e dans un secteur g\u00e9ographique particulier d’une \u2192 communaut\u00e9 linguistique et qui peut \u00eatre diff\u00e9rent de \u0393\u2192 endonyme normalis\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo aplicado por un sector geogr\u00e1ficamente limitado de una \u2192 comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica a un accidente dentro de su \u00e1rea. Puede ser diferente del \u2192 nombre propio normalizado.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a (\u2192 linguistic community) \u5185\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5730 \u533a\u5bf9\u533a\u5185\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym). \u8fd9 \u7c7b\u5730\u540d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u6807\u51c6\u5730\u540d (\u2192 standardized name).<\/p>\n

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179 logogram<\/h4>\n

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logogram | logogramme | ideograma | \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430; \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632\u061b \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 | \u8bcd\u7b26 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic symbol or combination of symbols that represents an entire free \u2192 morpheme, such as a word, without separately representing its constituent \u2192 phonemes<\/strong> or \u2192 syllables.<\/strong> Examples: Chinese \u4e2d for zhong (middle); Japanese Kanji \u5c71 for san or yama (mountain).<\/p>\n

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Symbole graphique ou ensemble de symboles graphiques correspondant \u00e0 une notion (id\u00e9ogramme) ou \u00e0 la suite phonique constitu\u00e9e par un mot (phonogramme). Exemple \uff1aLe kanji japonais\u5c71pour yama ou san (\u00abmontagne\u00bb); le chinois \u4e2d pour zhong (\u00abmilieu\u00bb).<\/p>\n

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1. Imagen convencional o s\u00edmbolo gr\u00e1fico que representa una cosa o una idea, pero no palabras o frases fijas que los signifiquen. A veces, en ingl\u00e9s se utiliza en lugar de \u2192 logogram.<\/strong> 2. En los jerogl\u00edficos egipcios, un determinativo que indica el significado de \u2192 fonogramas<\/strong> (agrupados).<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u03a6 \u0434\u043b\u044f zhong \u4e2d (\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439); \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u5c71 \u0434\u043b\u044f san \u0438\u043b\u0438 yama (\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430).<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u0640\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0631\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0632 \u00a0(\u062c\u0648\u0646\u063a) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637\u061b \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u8bcd\u7d20 (\u2192 morpheme)<\/strong> \u7684\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7\u6216\u7b26 \u53f7\u7ec4\u5408. \u5982\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e00\u6837, \u4e0d\u5355\u72ec\u8868\u793a\u5176\u6784\u6210\u6210\u5206\u7684 \u97f3\u4f4d\u6216\u97f3\u8282. \u5982: zhong (\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u610f\u601d)\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\u4e3a “\u4e2d”; san\u6216yama (\u82f1\u8bed mountain \u7684\u610f\u601d)\u7684\u65e5 \u672c\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\u4e3a “\u5c71”.<\/p>\n

180 logographic<\/h4>\n

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logographic | logographique | ideogr\u00e1fico | \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 | \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a | \u8bcd\u7b26\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Consisting of or relating to \u2192 logograms.<\/p>\n

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Constitu\u00e9 de \u2192 logogrammes (ou qui a trait aux logogrammes).<\/p>\n

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Perteneciente o relativo a la ideograf\u00eda o a los \u2192 ideogramas.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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179 \u2192 logogram\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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182, 289 logographic script<\/h4>\n

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logographic script | \u00e9criture id\u00e9ographique, \u00e9criture logographique | escritura ideogr\u00e1fica | \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 | \u8bcd\u7b26\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 script consisting of \u2192 logograms and belonging to the \u2192 logographic \u2192 writing system.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Chinese; Japanese Kanji.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture appartenant au \u2192 syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture logographique utilisant des \u2192 logogrammes ou \u2192 id\u00e9ogrammes, susceptibles, du moins \u00e0 l’origine, de sugg\u00e9rer des objets. Exemples \uff1a l’\u00e9criture chinoise; l’\u00e9criture japonaise kanji.<\/p>\n

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Una escritura que consta de \u2192 ideogramas y pertenece al \u2192 sistema de escritura \u2192 ideogr\u00e1fico. Ejemplos: la china, la japonesa kanji.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u2192 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0437\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 <\/strong>\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logograms) \u6784\u6210\u5e76\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logographic) \u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system) \u7684\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script). \u5982: \u4e2d\u56fd\u6c49\u5b57; \u65e5\u672c\u6c49\u5b57.<\/p>\n

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183, 299 long form (of a name)<\/h4>\n

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long form (of a name) | forme longue | forma larga (de un nombre propio de lugar) | \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f) | (\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 | (\u5730\u540d)\u5168\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Complete form of a toponym (in particular the name of a country), including all components.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Al-Mamlakah al-H\u0101shim\u012byah al-Urdun\u012byah (the Hashe\u00admite Kingdom of Jordan); Zhonghua Renm\u00adin Gongheg\u00aduo (the People\u2019s Republic of China). Comple\u00admentary term: \u2192 short form; in the above examples, Al-Urdun (Jordan); Zhongguo (China).<\/p>\n

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Forme compl\u00e8te d’un toponyme (en particulier du nom d’un pays), avec tous ses \u00e9l\u00e9ments. Exemples \uff1a Al-Mamlakah al-H\u00e2shim\u00efyah al-Urdun\u00efyah (le Royaume hach\u00e9mite de Jordanie); Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo (la R\u00e9publique populaire de Chine). Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a\u2192 forme courte (dans les exemples donn\u00e9s, al-Urdun, la Jordanie; Zhongguo, la Chine).<\/p>\n

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Forma completa de un top\u00f3nimo (especialmente en el caso de nombres de pa\u00edses) que incluye todos sus componentes. Ejemplos: Al-Mamlakah al-H\u00e3shimiyah al-Urdun\u00efyah (el Reino Hachemita de Jordania); Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo (Rep\u00fablica Popular China). T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 forma corta; en los casos anteriores: Al-Urdun (Jordania); Zhongguo (China).<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 (\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b), \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0418\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435\u0425\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u2192 \u0418\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a (\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062f)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629<\/strong>\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

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\u5305\u62ec\u5730\u540d\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u56fd\u540d)\u6240\u6709\u6784\u6210\u6210\u5206\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5f62\u5f0f. \u5982: \u7ea6\u65e6\u54c8\u5e0c\u59c6\u738b\u56fd; \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: 299 \u2192 short form. \u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u7b80\u79f0\u5206\u522b\u4e3a\u7ea6\u65e6\u548c\u4e2d<\/p>\n

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184, 220 lunar name<\/h4>\n

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lunar name | nom lunaire | nombre propio lunar | \u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u064a | \u6708\u7403\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym applied to a feature on the surface of the moon.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Gagarin; Mare Tranquillitatis.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme servant \u00e0 identifier une \u2192 entit\u00e9 physique de la surface de la Lune. Exemples \uff1a golfe des Iris; mer de la Tranquillit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo aplicado a un accidente o rasgo de la superficie lunar. Ejemplos: Gagarin; Mare Tranquillitatis.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041b\u0443\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0421\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0640\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: (\u063a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0646) Gagarin\u061b \u0648 (\u0628\u0640\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0621) Mare Tranquillitatis.<\/p>\n

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\u6708\u7403\u8868\u9762\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 toponym). \u5982: Gagarin (\u529b\u53e3\u529b\u53e3\u6797); Mare Tranquillitatis (\u9759\u6d77).<\/p>\n

B184 macrotoponym<\/h4>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 toponym<\/strong> relating to a feature of global significance, larger than a \u2192 choronym<\/strong>: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Australasia (see also \u2192 thalassonym<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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187, 206 multilingual map<\/h4>\n

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multilingual map | carte multilingue | mapa multiling\u00fce | \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 |\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u591a\u8bed\u5730\u56fe |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Map that, for a particular topographic feature, shows \u2192 allonyms in different \u2192 languages, not necessarily \u2192 standardized. Examples: Athens, Ath\u00edna; Moscou, Moskva.<\/p>\n

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Carte g\u00e9ographique qui comporte, en plus des noms g\u00e9ographiques officiels, des \u2192 allonymes en diverses \u2192 langues, non obligatoirement \u2192 normalis\u00e9s, pour une m\u00eame entit\u00e9 topographique. Exemples \uff1a Anvers (Antwerpen); Ath\u00e8nes (Ath\u00edna), Moscou (Moskva).<\/p>\n

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Mapa que para un accidente topogr\u00e1fico determinado presenta \u2192 al\u00f3nimos en \u2192 lenguas diferentes, no necesariamente \u2192 normalizados. Ejemplos: Atenas, Ath\u00edna; Mosc\u00fa, Moskva.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Athens, Ath\u00edna; Moscou, Moskva.<\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c Athens\u060c Ath\u00edna\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c Moscou\u060c Moskva.<\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u6765\u8868\u793a\u5176 \u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 allonyms) \u7684\u5730\u56fe, \u5730\u540d\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u5316 (\u2192 standardized) \u7684. \u5982: Athens, Athina (\u96c5\u5178); Moscou, Moskva ( \u83ab\u65af\u79d1).<\/p>\n

188 multiscriptual map<\/h4>\n

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multiscriptual map | carte multiscripturale | mapa pol\u00edglota | \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a | \u591a\u6587\u5b57\u5730\u56fe |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Map that presents toponyms in two (biscriptual) or more different types of \u2192script<\/strong> or \u2192writing systems<\/strong>. Examples: A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda, Athens; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea,<\/p>\n

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Na\u1e95erat; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Map that presents toponyms in two (biscriptual) or more different types of \u2192 script<\/strong> or \u2192 writing systems<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples<\/em>: A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda, Athens; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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Carte g\u00e9ographique qui comporte des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> dans deux ou plusieurs types diff\u00e9rents de \u2192 caract\u00e8res<\/strong> ou de \u2192 syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> cartes portant \u00e0 la fois la mention A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda et Ath\u00e8nes, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a et Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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Mapa que presenta \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> en dos (biling\u00fce) o m\u00e1s tipos de \u2192 escrituras<\/strong> o \u2192 sistemas<\/strong> de escritura.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, Atenas; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/em>: A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda, Athens\u2019; \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth; \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok.<\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: Athens, A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c Nazareth\u061b \u0648 Vladivostok, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>) \u6216\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system<\/strong>) \u6807\u6ce8\u5730\u540d\u7684\u5730\u56fe.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, Athens (\u96c5\u5178); \u05e0\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea, Nazareth (\u62ff\u6492\u52d2); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok (\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b,\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34).<\/p>\n

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189, 290 map script<\/h4>\n

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map script | \u00e9critures cartographiques | r\u00f3tulos de mapa | \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 | \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 | \u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyms and other verbal and numerical items such as descriptive terms and spot and contour elevations in a map. See also \u2192 lettering, map.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponymes et autres mots et chiffres port\u00e9s sur une carte, tels que des termes descriptifs et des altitudes.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto de los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos y otros elementos verbales y num\u00e9ricos como t\u00e9rminos descriptivos, cotas y altitudes de las curvas de nivel en un mapa. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 rotulaci\u00f3n de mapa.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442. \u0434. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u6307\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u3001\u5176\u5b83\u8bcd\u8bed\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u5b57\u8868 \u793a\u7684\u9879\u76ee, \u5982\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bcd\u8bed\u3001\u65b9\u4f4d\u70b9\u53ca\u7b49\u9ad8\u7ebf\u7684\u9ad8\u7a0b. \u53c2\u89c1164\u2192 lettering, map.<\/p>\n

190 multilingual map script<\/h4>\n

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multilingual map script |\u00a0\u00e9critures cartographiques multilingues\u00a0|\u00a0r\u00f3tulos de mapa multiling\u00fce |\u00a0\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u00a0|\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u591a\u8bed\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192\u00a0Map script<\/strong> in a \u2192\u00a0multilingual map.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecritures cartographiques\u00a0<\/strong>figurant sur une \u2192 carte multilingue<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 R\u00f3tulos de mapa<\/strong> en un \u2192\u00a0mapa multiling\u00fce.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u591a\u8bed\u5730\u56fe (\u2192\u00a0multilingual map<\/strong>) \u7684\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0 (\u2192\u00a0map<\/strong> script<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

B190 multiple names<\/h4>\n

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Definition of 2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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Two ( \u2192 dual names<\/strong>) or more names for the same feature; usually, but not always, in different languages and with some or all having the approval of a names authority.<\/p>\n

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191 multiscriptual map script<\/h4>\n

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multiscriptual map script\u00a0|\u00a0\u00e9critures cartographiques multiscripturales\u00a0|\u00a0r\u00f3tulos de mapa pol\u00edglota\u00a0|\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u00a0|\u00a0\u591a\u6587\u5b57\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192\u00a0Map script<\/strong> in a \u2192\u00a0multiscriptual map<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecritures cartographiques\u00a0<\/strong>figurant sur une \u2192 carte multiscripturale.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 R\u00f3tulos de mapa<\/strong> en un \u2192\u00a0mapa pol\u00edglota<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u591a\u6587\u5b57\u5730\u56fe (\u2192\u00a0multiscriptual map<\/strong>) \u7684\u5730\u56fe\u6ce8\u8bb0 (\u2192\u00a0map script<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

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194, 221 maritime name<\/h4>\n

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maritime name | nom maritime | nombre propio mar\u00edtimo | \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u00a0| \u6d77\u57df\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a \u2192 hydrographic feature associated with the sea.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Estrecho de Magallanes, Bottenhavet\/Selk\u00e4meri, English Channel.<\/p>\n

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Nom d’un \u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ment hydrographique associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la mer. Exemples \uff1a Estrecho de Magallanes (d\u00e9troit de Magellan), Bottenhavet\/Selk\u00e4meri, mer de Baffin, la Manche.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio de un \u2192 accidente hidrogr\u00e1fico asociado con el mar. Ejemplos: Estrecho de Magallanes; Bottenhavet\/Selk\u00e4meri, English Channel.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: Estrecho de Magallanes; Bottenhavet\/Selk\u00e4meri; English Channel.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u061b \u0648 Bottenhavet\/Selk\u00e4meri.<\/p>\n

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\u6d77\u57df\u6c34\u6587\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 hydrographic feature) \u7684\u540d \u79f0. \u5982: Estrecho de Magallanes (\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u6d77\u5ce1); Bottenhavet (\u535a\u6ed5\u6d77)\/Selk\u00e2meri (\u585e\u5c14\u51ef\u6d77); English Channel (\u82f1\u5409\u5229\u6d77\u5ce1).<\/p>\n

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195 marker<\/h4>\n

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marker | marqueur phonique | signo auxiliar | \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u00a0| \u9644\u52a0\u7b26\u53f7 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic symbol representing a \u2192 phoneme, \u2192 morpheme or other element of a language and used only in combination with an independent \u2192 letter or \u2192 syllabogram.<\/p>\n

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Example: Arabic shaddah (doubling marker).<\/p>\n

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Symbole graphique repr\u00e9sentant un \u2192 phon\u00e8me, un \u2192 morph\u00e8me ou tout autre \u00e9l\u00e9ment d’une langue et toujours adjoint \u00e0 une \u2192 lettre ou \u00e0 un \u2192 caract\u00e8re. Exemples : Le shaddah arabe (indiquant le redoublement du caract\u00e8re); les marqueurs vocaliques de l’amharique.<\/p>\n

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Signo gr\u00e1fico que representa un \u2192 fonema, \u2192 morfema u otro elemento de una lengua y que se usa s\u00f3lo o en combinaci\u00f3n con una \u2192 letra o \u2192 silabograma independientes. Ejemplo: en \u00e1rabe, el shaddah (signo doble).<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 shaddah (\u0441\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440).<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0640\u0631 \u0644\u0640\u063a\u0640\u0648\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0640\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0640\u062a\u062e\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f).<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme) \u3001 \u8bcd\u7d20 (\u2192 morpheme) \u6216\u5176\u5b83\u6210\u5206\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7, \u53ea\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec \u7acb\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter) \u6216\u97f3\u8282\u5b57\u7b26 (\u2192 syllabogram) \u6df7 \u5408\u4f7f\u7528. \u5982: \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u53e0\u97f3\u7b26.<\/p>\n

196, 372 vowel marker<\/h4>\n

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vowel marker | marqueur vocalique | signo auxiliar vocal | \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 | \u5143\u97f3\u6807\u8bb0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 marker<\/strong> employed in \u2192 defective alphabetic script<\/strong> to represent a \u2192 vowel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Arabic \u064e, \u0650 , \u064f (a, i, u); Hebrew \u05b7 , \u05b6 , \u05b4, \u05bc, \u05bb (a, e, i, o, u); Thai \u0e31, \u0e35, \u0e38 (a, i, u).<\/p>\n

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Marqueur utilis\u00e9 dans les \u2192 \u00e9critures alphab\u00e9tiques d\u00e9fectives<\/strong> pour repr\u00e9senter une \u2192 voyelle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemple:<\/em> \u064e, \u0650 , \u064f (a, i, u) de l\u2019arabe; \u05b7 , \u05b6 , \u05b4, \u05bc, \u05bb (a, e, i, o, u) de l\u2019h\u00e9breu; \u0e31, \u0e35, \u0e38 (a, i, u) du tha\u00ef.<\/p>\n

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Un \u2192 signo auxiliar<\/strong> que se emplea en una \u2192 escritura alfab\u00e9tica defectiva<\/strong> para representar una \u2192 vocal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> En \u00e1rabe: \u064e, \u0650 , \u064f (a, i, u); en hebreo: \u05b7 , \u05b6 , \u05b4, \u05bc, \u05bb (a, e, i, o, u); en tai: \u0e31, \u0e35, \u0e38 (a, i, u).<\/p>\n

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\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u2192 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/strong> \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435: \u064e, \u0650 , \u064f (a, i, u); \u0432 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435: \u05b7 , \u05b6 , \u05b4, \u05bc, \u05bb (a, e, i, o, u); \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435: \u0e31, \u0e35, \u0e38 (a, i, u).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (a, i, u) \u0648 \u05b7 , \u05b6 , \u05b4 , \u05bc\u00a0, \u05bb\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0640\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 (a, e, i, o, u)\u061b \u0648 \u0e31, \u00a0\u0e35, \u00a0\u0e38 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (a, i, u).<\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u6807\u8bb0 (\u2192 marker).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587 \u064e, \u0650 , \u064f (a, i, u) ; \u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587 \u05b7 , \u05b6 , \u05b4, \u05bc, \u05bb (a, e, i, o, u); \u6cf0\u6587 \u0e31, \u0e35, \u0e38 (a, i, u) \u7b49.<\/p>\n

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199, 222 minority name<\/h4>\n

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minority name | nom minoritaire | nombre propio minoritario | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Toponym in a \u2192 minority language.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme dans une \u2192 langue minoritaire.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo en una \u2192 lengua minoritaria.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 minority language) \u7684\u5730\u540d.<\/p>\n

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201 morpheme<\/h4>\n

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morpheme | morph\u00e8me | morfema | \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u00a0| \u8bcd\u7d20 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The minimal distinctive unit in \u2192 grammar<\/strong>; the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.<\/p>\n

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Example: \u201cnames\u201d consists of the free morpheme \u201cname\u201d and the bound plural morpheme \u201cs\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Le plus petit \u00e9l\u00e9ment distinctif d’une \u2192 grammaire<\/strong>; la plus petite unit\u00e9 fonctionnelle d’un \u00e9nonc\u00e9. Exemple : \u00ab noms \u00bb est constitu\u00e9 du morph\u00e8me ind\u00e9pendant \u00ab nom \u00bb et du morph\u00e8me li\u00e9 \u00ab s \u00bb indiquant le pluriel.<\/p>\n

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T\u00e9rmino empleado en ling\u00fc\u00edstica moderna con variada significaci\u00f3n seg\u00fan las escuelas. Unas lo aplican solamente a los elementos m\u00ednimos que en una lengua expresan relaciones o categor\u00edas gramaticales (de, no, yo, le, el libro, cant-ar, casa-s, cas-ero), otras lo extienden a los elementos m\u00ednimos de car\u00e1cter l\u00e9xico (sol, pan, casa). El morfema puede ser una palabra, prefijo, infijo, sufijo, desinencia, etc\u00e9tera, como en los ejemplos citados; un fonema en oposici\u00f3n con otro (hace-hice; dice-dije), un rasgo acentual (cante-cant\u00e9), etc\u00e9tera.<\/p>\n

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\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u2192 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong>; \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 names \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b name \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 s; \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u201dnames\u201c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u201dname\u201c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u201ds\u201c.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u8bed\u6cd5 (\u2192 grammar<\/strong>) \u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u533a\u522b\u6027\u5355\u4f4d; \u6784\u8bcd\u6210\u5206\u4e2d \u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5355\u4f4d. \u5982: “names”\u662f\u7531\u81ea\u7531\u8bcd\u7d20 “name”\u548c\u7c98\u7740\u590d\u6570\u8bcd\u7d20”s”\u6784\u6210\u7684.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

202 morphological<\/h4>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

morphological | morphologique | morfol\u00f3gico | \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a | \u8bcd\u6cd5\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Relating to \u2192 morphology<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Concernant la \u2192 morphologie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Relativo a la \u2192 morfolog\u00eda<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

203 \u2192 morphology<\/strong> \u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

203 morphology<\/h4>\n

<\/p>\n

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morphology | morphologie | morfolog\u00eda | \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 | \u8bcd\u6cd5 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The branch of \u2192 grammar<\/strong> that studies the structure and form of words in a language.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Partie de la \u2192 grammaire<\/strong> qui \u00e9tudie la structure et la forme des mots d’une langue.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

En \u2192 gram\u00e1tica<\/strong>, tratado de las formas de las palabras.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u2192 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u6cd5 (\u2192 grammar<\/strong>) \u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f, \u7814\u7a76\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u8bcd\u7684 \u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

204 mother tongue<\/h4>\n

<\/p>\n

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mother tongue | langue maternelle | lengua materna | \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u00a0| \u6bcd\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The first language acquired within one\u2019s family.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Premi\u00e8re langue apprise au sein de la famille.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La primera lengua adquirida dentro de la propia familia.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u6307\u4eba\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

209 name<\/h4>\n

<\/p>\n

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name | nom propre | nombre propio | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 | \u540d\u79f0, \u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(a) A word that uniquely identifies an individual person, place or thing.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Examples:<\/em> Albert, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(b) In the specific context of this glossary: a \u2192 toponym<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

a) Mot ou groupe de mots servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer un individu, un lieu ou une chose et \u00e0 les distinguer des \u00eatres de m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Exemple:<\/em> Albert, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

b) plus particuli\u00e8rement ici, un \u2192 toponyme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1) Palabra que se aplica a una persona o cosa para diferenciarlas de otras de su misma clase.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ejemplos:<\/em> Alberto, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2) En el contexto de este glosario, un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(a) \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442; \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442; \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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(b) \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(\u0623)\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) \u8868\u793a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u540d\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u827e\u4f2f\u7279; \u5317 \u4eac; \u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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(b) \u8be5\u8bcd\u5728\u672c\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u610f\u4e3a\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

210 alternative name<\/h4>\n

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alternative name | | | \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

See<\/em> allonym.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> allonyme.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> al\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

.\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u522b\u540d.<\/p>\n

223 official name<\/h4>\n

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official name | nom officiel |\u00a0nombre propio oficial\u00a0|\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00a0\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00a0| \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u00a0| \u5b98\u65b9\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym<\/strong> sanctioned by a legally constituted (e.g. national) \u2192\u00a0names authori\u00adty<\/strong> and applied within its jurisdiction.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme <\/strong>approuv\u00e9 par une \u2192 autorit\u00e9 toponymique <\/strong>officielle et qui ressortit au territoire sur lequel elle exerce sa comp\u00e9tence.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2192\u00a0Top\u00f3nimo <\/strong>sancionado por una \u2192\u00a0autoridad en nombres<\/strong> legalmente constituida (por ejemplo, nacional) y aplicado dentro de su jurisdicci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u2192\u00a0\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, <\/strong>\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c<\/strong> \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u2190\u00a0\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong> (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b) \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5b9a\u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784 (\u2192\u00a0names authority<\/strong>) \u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192\u00a0toponym<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

224, 264 place name<\/h4>\n

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place name | toponymie | nombre propio de lugar | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0| \u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

(a) Proper noun applied to a \u2192 topographic feature. Comprehensive term for \u2192 geographical names and \u2192 extraterrestrial names.<\/p>\n

(b) \u2192 Synonym used by some writers for name of populated place.<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(a) Proper noun applied to a \u2192 topographic feature<\/strong>. Comprehensive term for \u2192 geographical names<\/strong> and \u2192 extraterrestrial names<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(b) \u2192 Synonym<\/strong> used by som writers for name of populated place.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

a) Nom propre attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u2192 accident topographique<\/strong>. Terme qui, au sens large, inclut \u2192 nom g\u00e9ographique<\/strong> et \u2192 nom extraterrestre<\/strong>;<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

b) Synonyme parfois de nom de lieu habit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

a) Nombre propio con que se designa un \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>. Se conoce tambi\u00e9n como nombre geogr\u00e1fico. Sirve para designar tanto los \u2192 nombres geogr\u00e1ficos<\/strong> como los \u2192 nombres propios extraterrestres<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

b) \u2192 Sin\u00f3nimo<\/strong> usado por algunos escritores como nombre propio de un lugar habitado.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong>. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong> \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0430\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628) \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 <\/strong>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u79f0. \u662f\u5730 \u7403\u5730\u540d (\u2192 geographical names<\/strong>) \u548c\u5730\u7403\u5916\u661f\u4f53\u5730\u540d (\u2192 extraterrestrial names<\/strong>) \u7684\u603b\u79f0.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5bf9\u5c45\u6c11\u5730\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u7528\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

225 primary name<\/h4>\n

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primary name\u00a0|\u00a0nom descriptif |\u00a0nombre propio primario\u00a0|\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00a0|\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u00a0|\u00a0\u521d\u671f\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Descriptive name expressed in local terms and language. Examples:<\/em> Ar-Rub\u2018 al-Kh\u0101l\u012b (the empty quarter, Saudi Arabia); Dasht-e Kav\u012br (big desert, Iran).<\/p>\n

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Nom de lieu dont l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment sp\u00e9cifique r\u00e9v\u00e8le une caract\u00e9ristique physique d\u2019une entit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique dans la langue locale.\u00a0Exemples\u00a0:<\/em> Rub\u2019 al-Kh\u0101li, \u00ab\u00a0quartier vide\u00a0\u00bb, en Arabie saoudite; Dasht-e Kav\u00efr, \u00ab\u00a0le grand d\u00e9sert\u00a0\u00bb, en Iran.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio descriptivo expresado en t\u00e9rminos y lengua locales. Ejemplos:<\/em> Ar-Rub\u201b al-Kh\u0101l\u012b (el Barrio Vac\u00edo, Arabia Saudita); Dasht-e Kav\u012br (el Gran Desierto, Ir\u00e1n).<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:\u2003Ar-Rub\u2019 al-Kh\u0101l\u012b<\/em> (\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b, \u0421\u0430\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f); Dasht-e Kav\u012br<\/em> (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044f, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0640\u0640\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a (Ar-Rub’ al-Kh\u0101l\u012b) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (Dasht-e Kav\u012br).<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u5730\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u8bed\u8bcd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5730\u540d\u3002\u5982: Ar-Rub\u2018al-Kh\u0101l\u012b (\u9c81\u535c\u54c8\u5229\u6c99\u6f20, \u5728\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u7a7a\u5730\u201d)\uff1bDasht-e Kav\u012br (\u8fbe\u4ec0\u7279\u6c99\u6f20, \u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u6c99\u6f20\u201d)\u3002<\/p>\n

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226, 269 proper name<\/h4>\n

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proper name | nom propre | nombre propio | \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 | \u4e13\u6709\u540d\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> proper noun.<\/p>\n

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Mot ou groupe de mots servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer un individu, un lieu ou une chose et \u00e0 les distinguer des \u00eatres de m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. Exemples \uff1a Albert, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

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Palabra que se aplica a una persona o cosa para diferenciarlas de otras de su misma clase. Ejemplos: Alberto, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442; \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442; \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>:noun, proper.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u540d\u8bcd. \u5982: \u827e\u4f2f\u7279; \u5317 \u4eac; \u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af.<\/p>\n

227, 302 simplex name<\/h4>\n

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simplex name | toponyme simple | nombre propio simple | \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 | \u5355\u8bcd\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Single-word \u2192 toponym<\/strong>, usually consisting of a specific component only.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Kyiv; Temuko; Mala\u0175i. Al-Q\u0101hirah (Cairo) is also a simplex name, since in the original Arabic the article al- constitutes a bound \u2192 morpheme<\/strong>, i.e. an integral unhyphenated prefix. Complementary term: \u2192 composite name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme<\/strong> constitu\u00e9 d\u2019un seul mot ne comportant aucun nom commun qui explicite la nature de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9sign\u00e9, dans la langue du nom de lieu.<\/p>\n

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Exemples \uff1a Kyiv; Malawi; Saskatchewan. La Macaza ou Al-Q\u00e3hirah sont aussi des toponymes simples, car dans la langue d\u2019origine La et Al sont des articles, qui sont des \u2192 morph\u00e8mes<\/strong> li\u00e9s; exemple un pr\u00e9fixe int\u00e9gral sans trait d\u2019union. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 expression toponymique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> de una sola palabra, que suele constar de un solo componente espec\u00edfico.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Kijev; Temuko; Malawi. Al-Q\u00e3hirah (Cairo) es tambi\u00e9n un nombre propio simple, ya que en el \u00e1rabe original el art\u00edculo es un \u2192 morfema<\/strong> inicial, es decir, un prefijo sin gui\u00f3n. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 nombre propio compuesto<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044f.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0414\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a, \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432, London. Al-Q\u00e3hirah (\u041a\u0430\u0438\u0440) \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044c al- \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/strong>, \u0442. \u0435. \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u061b \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0648\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0640 \u201c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u201d-\u201c. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4ec5\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u6709\u6210\u5206\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Kyiv (\u57fa\u8f85); Temuko (\u7279\u7a46\u79d1); Malawi (\u9a6c\u62c9 \u7ef4). Al-Q\u00e2hirah (Cairo,\u5f00\u7f57)\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5355\u8bcd\u5730\u540d, \u56e0\u4e3a \u5728\u521d\u671f\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u4e2d, \u51a0\u8bcdal-\u4e3a\u7c98\u7740\u8bcd\u7d20 (\u2192 morpheme<\/strong>) ,\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u65e0\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u524d\u7f00. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 composite name<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

A227, A317 standard name<\/h4>\n

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name, standard | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 |\u00a0nombre propio\u00a0normalizado<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See \u2192\u00a0name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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Voir \u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase\u00a0\u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c.\u00a0\u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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228, 316 standardized name<\/h4>\n

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standardized name | toponyme normalis\u00e9 | nombre propio normalizado | \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f\u00a0| \u6807\u51c6\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name sanctioned by a \u2192 names authority<\/strong> as the preferred name from among a number of \u2192 allonyms<\/strong> for a given feature. However, a single feature may have more than one standardized name.<\/p>\n

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Example: Kaapstad and Cape Town (but not Capetown).<\/p>\n

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Nom de lieu approuv\u00e9 par une \u2192 autorit\u00e9 toponymique<\/strong> comme la forme privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e (entre plusieurs \u2192 allonymes<\/strong>) pour une entit\u00e9 topographique donn\u00e9e. Il peut arriver qu’une m\u00eame entit\u00e9 topographique ait deux ou plusieurs toponymes normalis\u00e9s. Exemples \uff1a Kaapstad et Cape Town (mais pas Capetown).<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio sancionado por una \u2192 autoridad en nombres geogr\u00e1ficos<\/strong> como el preferido entre los \u2192 al\u00f3nimos<\/strong> de un accidente determinado. Sin embargo, un accidente dado puede tener m\u00e1s de un nombre normalizado. Ejemplo: Kaapstad y Cape Town (pero no Capetown).<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/strong> \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: Kaapstad \u0438 Cape Town (\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 Capetown).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u2190\u00a0\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0640\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Kaapstad\u00a0\u0648 Cape Town (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 Capetown).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784 (\u2192 names authority<\/strong>) \u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u591a \u4e2a\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 allonyms<\/strong>) \u6240\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u9996\u9009\u540d\u79f0. \u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730 \u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5730\u540d. \u5982: Kaapstad (\u5361\u666e \u65af\u5854\u5fb7)\u548cCape Town (\u5f00\u666e\u6566, \u4e0d\u662fCapetown).<\/p>\n

229, 336 topographic name<\/h4>\n

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topographic name | | | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00a0| \u5730\u5f62\u540d\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> toponym.<\/p>\n

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Voir <\/em>toponyme.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase <\/em>top\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: toponym.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u5730\u540d.<\/p>\n

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230, 345 traditional name<\/h4>\n

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traditional name | nom traditionnel | nombre propio tradicional | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u00a0| \u60ef\u7528\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An \u2192 exonym<\/strong> in relatively widespread use by a particular \u2192 linguistic community<\/strong> and usually found in its tradition and literature. Examples: Alexandrie (French) for al-Iskandar\u012byah (Arabic); Jerusa\u00adl\u00e9n (Span\u00adish) for Yerushalayim (He\u00adbrew); Peking (English) for Beijing (Chi\u00adnese).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Exonyme<\/strong> assez largement usit\u00e9 dans une \u2192 communaut\u00e9 linguistique<\/strong>, attest\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans sa tradition et dans sa litt\u00e9rature. Exemples \uff1a Alexandrie (fran\u00e7ais) pour Al-Iskandar\u00efyah (arabe); Frankreich (allemand) pour France (fran\u00e7ais); J\u00e9rusalem (espagnol) pour Yerushalayim (h\u00e9breu); Peking (anglais) pour Beijing (chinois).<\/p>\n

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Un \u2192 ex\u00f3nimo<\/strong> usado de forma relativamente amplia por una \u2192 comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/strong> determinada y que se utiliza con frecuencia en su tradici\u00f3n y en su literatura. Ejemplos: Alexandrie (franc\u00e9s) por al-Iskandar\u00efyah (\u00e1rabe); Jerusal\u00e9n (espa\u00f1ol) por Yerushalayim (hebreo); Peking (ingl\u00e9s) por Beijing (chino).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong>, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c<\/strong> \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u042d\u043b\u044c-\u0418\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0415\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0438\u043c; \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0437\u0438\u043d.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Alexandrie (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0648Jerusal\u00e9n (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 Yerushalayim (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u201d\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0645\u201c\u061b \u0648Peking (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 Bejing \u201d\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0646\u063a\u201c (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a (\u2192 linguistic community<\/strong>) \u76f8\u5bf9\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f \u7528\u7684\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u8a00\u5730\u540d, \u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u79f0\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u4f20\u8bf4\u548c\u6587\u5b66 \u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u53ef\u89c1. \u5982: \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5730\u540dal-Iskandar\u00eeyah (\u4f0a\u65af \u574e\u5fb7\u91cc\u8036), \u6cd5\u6587\u4e3aAlexandrie; \u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u5730\u540d Yerushalayim (\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7), \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\u4e3aJerusal\u00e9n; \u6c49\u8bed\u5730\u540dBeijing (\u5317\u4eac), \u82f1\u6587\u66fe\u4e3aPeking.<\/p>\n

A230, A345 transboundary name<\/h4>\n

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name, transboundary | nom transfrontalier | nombre proprio transfronterizo | \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 | \u8de8\u754c\u5730\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a \u2192geographical feature extending over two or more political entities, for example, rivers and mountain ranges. Examples: An-N\u012bl; der Rhein; Cordillera de los Andes; the Alps.<\/p>\n

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Nom d\u2019un \u2192 accident g\u00e9ographique comme un fleuve ou une cha\u00eene de montagnes qui<\/p>\n

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s\u2019\u00e9tend sur deux entit\u00e9s politiques ou plus. Exemples: le Nil; le Rhin; la Cordill\u00e8re des Andes; les Alpes.<\/p>\n

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Nombre de un —+accidente geogr\u00e1fico que abarca dos o m\u00e1s entidades pol\u00edticas, como por ejemplo r\u00edos y cordilleras. Ejemplos: An-N\u012bI; der Rhein; Cordillera de los Andes; los Alpes.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u041d\u0438\u043b; \u0420\u0435\u0439\u043d; \u041f\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0438; \u0410\u043b\u044c\u043f\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u2192geographical feature\uff09\uff08\u5982\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u5c71\u8109\uff09\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1aAn-Nil\uff08\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\uff09\u3001der Rheln(\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3)\u3001Cordillera de ios Andes(\u5b89\u7b2c\u65af\u5c71\u8109)\u3001the Alps(\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71)\u3002<\/p>\n

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231, 363 variant name<\/h4>\n

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variant name | | | \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\/\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> allonym.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> allonyme.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> al\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: allonym.<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u522b\u540d<\/p>\n

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232 names authority<\/h4>\n

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names authority | autorit\u00e9 toponymique | autoridad en nombres geogr\u00e1ficos | \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c | \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00a0| \u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) A body such as a person, board or commission, assigned advisory function and\/or power of decision in matters of \u2192 toponymy<\/strong> by a legally constituted entity such as a State.<\/p>\n

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(b) An authority charged with issuing \u2192 standardized toponyms.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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a) Personne physique ou morale (bureau, commission) investies, par une autorit\u00e9 l\u00e9galement constitu\u00e9e (Etat, province) d\u2019un pouvoir g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de d\u00e9cision en mati\u00e8re de \u2192 toponymie<\/strong>;<\/p>\n

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b) Administration responsable de la diffusion des \u2192 toponymes normalis\u00e9s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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1. Persona, departamento o comisi\u00f3n con funci\u00f3n consultiva y\/o con potestad para tomar decisiones en asuntos de \u2192 toponimia<\/strong>, otorgada por una entidad legalmente constituida como, por ejemplo, un Estado.<\/p>\n

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2. Autoridad encargada de determinar los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos normalizados<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d (\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e, \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f), \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a -\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0640\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7531\u6cd5\u5b9a\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u56fd\u5bb6) \u6388\u6743\u7684\u5bf9\u5730\u540d\u6709\u54a8\u8be2\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a \u6743\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u673a\u6784\u6216\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u8d1f\u8d23\u53d1\u5e03\u6807\u51c6\u5730\u540d\u7684\u673a\u6784.<\/p>\n

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233 names conversion<\/h4>\n

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names conversion | conversion | conversi\u00f3n | \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00a0| \u5730\u540d\u8bd1\u5199 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> conversion.<\/p>\n

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Transposition d\u2019un nom de lieu d\u2019une langue vers une autre langue, l\u2019adaptant aux r\u00e8gles \u2192 phonologiques ou morphologiques, ou \u00e0 \u0413\u2192 \u00e9criture de cette derni\u00e8re. La conversion s\u2019effectue soit par \u2192 transcription, soit par \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n

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En toponimia, acci\u00f3n y efecto de transferir los elementos \u2192 fonol\u00f3gicos y\/o \u2192 morfol\u00f3gicos de una lengua a otra o de una \u2192 escritura a otra. La conversi\u00f3n se puede realizar por \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n o por \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 (conversion).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u95f4\u7684\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192 phonological) \u548c\/\u6216\u5f62\u6001\u7684 (\u2192 morphological) , \u6216\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b. \u7531\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 transcription) \u6216\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration) \u6765\u5b9e\u73b0.<\/p>\n

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235, 318 names survey<\/h4>\n

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names survey | activit\u00e9 toponymique | levantamiento topon\u00edmico | \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 | \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 | \u5730\u540d\u8c03\u67fb |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> toponymic survey.<\/p>\n

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Eventail complet des modalit\u00e9s de collecte, de traitement de normalisation, de diffusion et de conservation des \u2192 toponymes d\u2019un territoire donn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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La totalidad de las actividades de recogida, registro y proceso de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos en un \u00e1rea determinada.<\/p>\n

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\u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0435\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (survey, toponymic).<\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u5730\u540d\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u96c6, \u8bb0\u5f55\u53ca\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217 \u6d3b\u52a8.<\/p>\n

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236, 349 names transformation<\/h4>\n

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names transformation | transposition toponymique | transformaci\u00f3n de nombres | \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 | \u5730\u540d\u8f6c\u8bd1 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In toponymy, general term covering the \u2192 translation<\/strong>, \u2192 transcription<\/strong> and \u2192 transliteration<\/strong> of toponyms. The two latter terms constitute \u2192 conversion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En toponymie, expression qui recouvre la \u2192 traduction<\/strong>, l’exonymisation, la \u2192 transcription<\/strong> et la \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong> des noms de lieux. Les deux derni\u00e8res activit\u00e9s constituent la \u2192 conversion<\/strong> (ou l’adaptation) toponymique.<\/p>\n

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En toponimia, t\u00e9rmino general que comprende la \u2192 traducci\u00f3n<\/strong>, \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n<\/strong> y \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong> de top\u00f3nimos. Los dos \u00faltimos t\u00e9rminos constituyen la \u2192 conversi\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u5730\u540d\u5b66\u4e2d, \u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u4e3a\u5730\u540d\u610f\u8bd1 (\u2192 translation<\/strong>) \u3001\u5730\u540d \u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 transcription<\/strong>) \u53ca\u5730\u540d\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration<\/strong>) \u7684\u603b\u79f0. \u97f3\u8bd1\u548c\u8f6c\u5199\u53c8\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u8bd1\u5199 (\u2192 conversion<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

A240 nominative form (of a toponym)<\/h4>\n

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nominative form (of a toponym) | nominatif (d\u2019un toponyme) | forma en nominativo (de un top\u00f3nimo) | \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 (\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430) | \uff08\u5730\u540d\u7684\uff09\u4e3b\u683c<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In languages whose grammar includes declension and cases, the name form in the<\/p>\n

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first (nominative) case. Examples: in German, Berlin (and not Berlins, of Berlin,<\/p>\n

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genitive case); in Hungarian, Budapest (and not, for example, Budapestre, to Budapest); in Russian, Moc\u043a\u0432a (and not, for example, Moc\u043a\u0432\u044b, from Moscow).<\/p>\n

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D\u00e9signe le nominatif (cas sujet) dans les langues \u00e0 d\u00e9clinaison. Exemples : en allemand,<\/p>\n

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Berlin (et non Berlins, qui est le g\u00e9nitif); en hongrois, Budapest (et non Budapestre, vers<\/p>\n

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Budapest); en russe,\u00a0Moc\u043a\u0432a (et non Moc\u043a\u0432\u044b, en provenance de Moscou).<\/p>\n

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En idiomas con declinaci\u00f3n y caso, la forma del nombre en el primer caso (nominativo). Ejemplos: en alem\u00e1n, Berlin (y no Berlins, caso genitivo, “de Berl\u00edn”); en h\u00fangaro, Budapest (y no, por ejemplo, Budapestre, “hacia Budapest”); en ruso, Moc\u043a\u0432a (y no, por ejemplo,\u00a0Moc\u043a\u0432\u044b, “desde Mosc\u00fa”).<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00a0\u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438,\u2014 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c (\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c) \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 Berlin (\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0430 Berlins); \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 Budapest (\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0442 Budapestre (\u00ab\u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442\u00bb)); \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 (\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439).<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8bed\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u683c\u548c\u53d8\u683c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\uff08\u4e3b\u683c\uff09\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5730\u540d\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684Berlin\uff08\u67cf\u6797\uff09\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5c5e\u683cBerlins\uff08\u67cf\u6797\u7684\uff09\uff09\uff1b\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684Budapest\uff08\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\uff09\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5982Budapestre\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\uff09\uff1b\u4fc4\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684Moc\u043a\u0432a\uff08\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff09\uff08\u4e0d\u7528\u5982Moc\u043a\u0432\u044b\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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242 non-vocalized<\/h4>\n

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non-vocalized | non vocalis\u00e9 | no vocalizada | \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u00a0| \u672a\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A written word or text that does not include \u2192 vocalization.<\/p>\n

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Mot ou texte \u00e9crits sans \u2192 vocalisation.<\/p>\n

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Palabra o texto escrito que no incluye \u2192 vocalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u672a\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 vocalization) \u7684\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u8bcd\u6216\u6587\u53e5.<\/p>\n

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243 non-vowelled<\/h4>\n

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non-vowelled | non vocalis\u00e9 | no vocalizada | \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 | \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u00a0| \u672a\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> non-vocalized.<\/p>\n

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Mot ou texte \u00e9crits sans \u2192 vocalisation.<\/p>\n

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Palabra o texto escrito que no incluye \u2192 vocalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: non-vocalized.<\/p>\n

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\u672a\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 vocalization) \u7684\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u8bcd\u6216\u6587\u53e5.<\/p>\n

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244 normalization<\/h4>\n

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normalization | normalisation | normalizaci\u00f3n | \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u00a0| \u6807\u51c6\u5316 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> standardization.<\/p>\n

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a) Etablissement, par une \u2192 autorit\u00e9 toponymique, d\u2019un ensemble de r\u00e8gles et de crit\u00e8res normatifs applicables par exemple au traitement uniformis\u00e9 des \u2192 toponymes;<\/p>\n

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b) Traitement d\u2019un \u2192 toponyme suivant un ensemble d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments normatifs donn\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

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1. Establecimiento, por una autoridad competente, de un conjunto espec\u00edfico de normas para una actividad determinada, como, por ejemplo, para dar uniformidad a los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos.<\/p>\n

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2. Adaptar un elemento, por ejemplo un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo, a dichas normas.<\/p>\n

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3. En ingl\u00e9s, normalization se usa a veces en lugar de standardization.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n

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b) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: standardization.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7531\u4e13\u95e8\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u4e13\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u89c4\u8303. \u5982\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u7edf\u4e00\u8bd1\u5199\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u6839\u636e\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms) \u8bd1\u5199.<\/p>\n

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246, 270 proper noun<\/h4>\n

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proper noun | nom propre | nombre propio | \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u00a0| \u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

A linguistic expression that uniquely identifies an individual person, place or thing.<\/p>\n

Examples: Albert, Beijing, Snoopy (a dog), Titanic (a ship).<\/p>\n

Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

A linguistic expression that uniquely identifies an individual person, place or thing. Examples: Albert, Beijing, Snoopy (a dog), Titanic (a ship)<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A word that uniquely identifies an individual person, place or thing.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Albert, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

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Mot ou groupe de mots servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer un individu, un lieu ou une chose et \u00e0 les distinguer des \u00eatres de m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. Exemples \uff1a Albert, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

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Palabra que se aplica a una persona o cosa para diferenciarlas de otras de su misma clase. Ejemplos: Alberto, Beijing, Budapest.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442; \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442; \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u540d\u8bcd. \u5982: \u827e\u4f2f\u7279; \u5317 \u4eac; \u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af.<\/p>\n

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247 odonym<\/h4>\n

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odonym | odonyme | od\u00f3nimo | \u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u00a0| \u4ea4\u901a\u8def\u7ebf\u540d\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Name of a street or road.<\/p>\n

Examples: avenue des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, Broadway.<\/p>\n

Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a street or road. Examples: Champs Elysses, Broadway<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Proper noun<\/strong> of a traffic route feature. Examples: Via Appia (historical road); Airway Amber (air traffic route); M4 (motorway); Fleet Street; Piccadilly Circus; Darb al-Hajj (pilgrims\u2019 route).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nom propre<\/strong> qui d\u00e9signe une voie de communication. Exemples \uff1a Via Appia (route historique); A-6 (autoroute); Unter den Linden (avenue); Darb al-H\u00e3jj (chemin de p\u00e8lerinage).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nombre propio<\/strong> de una v\u00eda de circulaci\u00f3n. Ejemplos: Via Appia (carretera hist\u00f3rica); Airway Amber (ruta de tr\u00e1fico a\u00e9reo); M4 (autopista); Fleet Street; Piccadilly Circus; Darb al-HH\u00e3jj (camino de peregrinos).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0418\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/strong> \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Via Appia (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430); Airway Amber (\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f); M4 (\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442 (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447.); Darb al-Iiajj (\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u0640\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Via Appia (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629)\u061b \u0648 Airway Amber (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0648 M4 (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u061b \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c.<\/p>\n

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\u4ea4\u901a\u8def\u7ebf\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 proper noun<\/strong>). \u5982: Via Appia (\u53e4\u9053) ; Airway Amber (\u822a\u7ebf) ; M4 (\u516c\u8def); Fleet Street (\u8857\u9053); Piccadilly Circus (\u5e7f \u573a); Darb al-H\u00e2jj (\u671d\u5723\u4e4b\u8def).<\/p>\n

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249 onomastics<\/h4>\n

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onomastics | onomastique | onom\u00e1stica | \u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00a0| \u4e13\u540d\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

The science that has as its object the study of \u2192 names<\/strong><\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The science that has as its object the study of \u2192 names<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(b) The activity or process of giving \u2192 names<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) Science qui a pour objet l\u2019\u00e9tude des \u2192 noms propres<\/strong>;<\/p>\n

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b) Activit\u00e9 ou processus d\u2019attribution de \u2192 noms propres<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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1. Ciencia que trata de la catalogaci\u00f3n y estudio de los nombres, en especial los \u2192 nombres propios<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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2. Acci\u00f3n o proceso de nominar.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0414\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7814\u7a76\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 names<\/strong>) \u7684\u79d1\u5b66.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u547d\u540d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f.<\/p>\n

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250 oronym<\/h4>\n

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oronym | oronyme | or\u00f3nimo | \u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c | (\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 (\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00a0| \u5c71\u5cb3\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name of a vertically structured formation\u00a0of the terrain (including the sea bed), for\u00a0example, names of mountains, mountain\u00a0ranges, sea mounts, hills or highlands.\u00a0Examples: Matterhorn; Gaur\u012b\u015bankar; Fuji\u00a0San; Sierra Madre; Mid-Atlantic Ridge.<\/p>\n

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Nom de formations de terrain s\u2019\u00e9levant en\u00a0altitude (y compris par rapport \u00e0 un fond marin)\u00a0telles que des montagnes, des cha\u00eenes de\u00a0montagne, des monts sous-marins, des collines\u00a0ou des plateaux. Exemples : le Matterhorn; la\u00a0Sierra Madre; le Gaur\u012b\u015bankar; le Fuji San; la\u00a0dorsale m\u00e9dio-atlantique.<\/p>\n

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Nombre de una formaci\u00f3n del terreno de estructura vertical\u00a0(incluido el fondo marino), como por ejemplo los nombres\u00a0de monta\u00f1as, cordilleras, montes submarinos, colinas o\u00a0altiplanos. Ejemplos: Matterhorn; Gaur\u012b\u015bankar; Fuji San;\u00a0Sierra Madre; Dorsal Mesoatl\u00e1ntica.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0444\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438,\u00a0\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b (\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u00a0\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439), \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u044f.\u00a0\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043d; \u0413\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0440; \u0421\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430-\u041c\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435;\u00a0\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0442; \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u5f62\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u5e8a\uff09\u4e4b\u7eb5\u5411\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u5c71\u3001\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u6d77\u5c71\u3001\u4e18\u9675\u6216\u9ad8\u5730\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1aMatterhorn (\u9a6c\u7279\u5cf0)\uff1bGaur\u012b\u015bankar\uff08\u8d64\u4ec1\u739b\u5cf0\uff09\u3001Fuji San(\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71)\uff1bSierra Madre(\u9a6c\u5fb7\u96f7\u5c71)\uff1bMid-Atlantic Ridge\uff08\u4e2d\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u6d77\u810a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Name applied to a feature of topographic elevation, such as a mountain or a hill.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Matterhorn; Gaur\u012b\u015bankar; Fuji San; Sierra Madre.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Nom propre attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 un accident de relief du sol: montagne, colline. Exemples: Matterhorn; Sierra Madre; Gaur\u00efsankar; Fuji San.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo aplicado a un accidente orogr\u00e1fico. Ejemplos: Matterhorn; Gaur\u00efsankar; Fuji San; Sierra Madre.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043a \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0444\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Matterhorn; Gaur\u00efsankar; Fuji San; Sierra Madre; \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u064a\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u5c71\u6216\u4e18\u4e00\u7c7b\u9ad8\u5730\u7684\u540d\u79f0. \u5982: Matterhorn (\u9a6c\u7279\u5cf0); Fuji San (\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71); Sierra Madre (\u9a6c\u5fb7\u96f7\u5c71).<\/p>\n

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251 orthography<\/h4>\n

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orthography | orthographe | ortograf\u00eda | \u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u00a0| \u6b63\u5b57\u6cd5 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Spelling of words according to the prescribed rules of a given linguistic tradition.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de r\u00e8gles et d’usages qui r\u00e9gissent la mani\u00e8re d’\u00e9crire les mots d’une langue donn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

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Forma correcta de escribir con arreglo a las normas de una determinada tradici\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u8bcd\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u5408\u4e4e\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u4f20\u7edf\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u89c4\u5219.<\/p>\n

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252 phone<\/h4>\n

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phone | phone | fonio | \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a |\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u97f3\u7d20 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In \u2192 phonetics<\/strong>, the smallest perceptible unit of sound in the stream of speech, usually symbolized by square brackets. A specific \u2192 pho\u00adneme<\/strong> can be realized by different phones called \u2192 allophones<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: [\u03b2] for the \u201cb\u201d sound in Spanish saber as against [b], the \u201cb\u201d sound in Spanish Barcelona.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 phon\u00e9tique<\/strong>, la plus petite unit\u00e9 de son perceptible dans la \u2192 parole<\/strong>. Un \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong> donn\u00e9 se r\u00e9alise en phones diff\u00e9rents (\u2192 allophones<\/strong>, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement indiqu\u00e9s par des crochets carr\u00e9s) suivant les conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d’\u00e9mission. Exemples \uff1a le phon\u00e8me \/b\/ se r\u00e9alise en espagnol par [b] dans Barcelona et par [\u03b2] dans saber. Le phon\u00e8me \/e\/ peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par exemple en [e], [\u00eb] ou [\u03b5].<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 fon\u00e9tica<\/strong>, la unidad m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a de sonido que se puede percibir en el habla. Se representa por corchetes rectos. Dentro de cada \u2192 fonema<\/strong> caben distintos fonios llamados \u2192 al\u00f3fonos<\/strong>. Ejemplos: [\u03b2] para el sonido ‘b’ espa\u00f1ol en saber en contraposici\u00f3n a [b] el sonido ‘b’ espa\u00f1ol en Barcelona.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong> \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/strong> \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \/\u042c\/ \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 [\u03b2] \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 saber \u0438 [b] \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 Barcelona.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646.\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 [\u03b2] \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0640\u0640\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u201db\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Saber<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 [b]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u201db\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Barcelona<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8bed\u97f3\u5b66 (\u2192\u00a0phonetics<\/strong>) \u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ece\u8bed\u6d41\u4e2d\u89c9\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u97f3\u7d20\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u62ec\u53f7 \uff3b \uff3d\u8868\u793a\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u97f3\u7d20(\u6307\u97f3\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53 (\u2192\u00a0allophones<\/strong>)) \u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u67d0\u4e00\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192\u00a0phoneme<\/strong>)\u3002\u5982:\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed Saber<\/em> \u4e2d\u201cb\u201d\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u4e3a \u00a0[\u03b2],\u800c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed Barcelona<\/em> \u4e2d \u201cb\u201d\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u4e3a \uff3bb\uff3d\u3002<\/p>\n

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253 phoneme<\/h4>\n

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phoneme | phon\u00e8me | fonema | \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 | \u97f3\u4f4d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The smallest unit of sound in the \u2192 phonological<\/strong> structure of a \u2192 language<\/strong> that changes meaning, usually symbolized by oblique slashes. Examples:<\/em> \/b\/; \/p\/; \/\u222b\/ (for English sh). In practice, a phoneme is realized by variants called \u2192 allophones,<\/strong> usually symbolized by square brackets, such as [b] in Spanish Barcelona<\/em> and [\u03b2] in saber<\/em> for the \/b\/ phoneme, or [e], [\u1ebd], [\u03b5] and [\u025b\u0303<\/span>] for different realizations of the \/e\/ phoneme. See also \u2192 phone.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Unit\u00e9 signifiante minimale du syst\u00e8me \u2192 phonologique<\/strong> d\u2019une \u2192 langue<\/strong> parl\u00e9e (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement indiqu\u00e9e par des barres obliques). Exemple:<\/em> \/b\/, \/p\/ sont des phon\u00e8mes du fran\u00e7ais (bain<\/em> et pain<\/em> n\u2019ayant pas le m\u00eame sens). Voir aussi \u2192 phone.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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La unidad \u2192 fonol\u00f3gica<\/strong> m\u00ednima que en el sistema de una \u2192 lengua<\/strong> puede oponerse a otras en contraste significativo. Se representa generalmente entre diagonales. Ejemplos:<\/em> \/b\/; \/p\/; \/\u222b\/ (para el sh ingl\u00e9s). Dentro de cada fonema caben distintos \u2192 al\u00f3fonos<\/strong>, representados generalmente entre corchetes rectos, como, por ejemplo, en espa\u00f1ol [b] en B<\/em>arcelona y [\u03b2] en sab<\/em>er para el fonema \/b\/, o [e], [\u1ebd], [\u03b5] y [\u025b\u0303] para representar las diferentes formas del fonema \/e\/. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 fonio<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430<\/strong>, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \/\u042c\/; \/p\/; \/\u222b\/ (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e sh).<\/em> \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c [\u042c] \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 Barcelona<\/em> \u0438 [\u03b2] \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 saber<\/em> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b \/\u042c\/; \u0438\u043b\u0438 [e], [\u1ebd], [\u03b5] \u0438 [\u025b\u0303] \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b \/\u0435\/. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0628 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong>) \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \/b\/\u061b \u0648\/p\/\u061b \u0648\/\u222b\/ (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a sh \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 [b] \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Barcelona<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 [\u03b2] \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Saber<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629) \/b\/\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 [e]\u060c [\u1ebd]\u060c [\u03b5]\u060c [\u03b5\uf019] \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629) \/e\/. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language<\/strong>) \u7684\u97f3\u7cfb (\u2192 phonological<\/strong>) \u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d, \u7528\u6765\u533a\u522b\u8bcd\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u8bed\u97f3\u5355\u4f4d, \u97f3\u4f4d\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u53cc\u659c\u7ebf\u8868 \u793a. \u5982: \/b\/; \/p\/; \/\u222b\/ (\u82f1\u6587 sh). \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u97f3\u4f4d \u53d8\u4f53 (\u2192 allophones<\/strong>) \u624d\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u97f3\u4f4d, \u97f3\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53\u901a\u5e38\u7528 \u65b9\u62ec\u53f7[]\u8868\u793a. \u5982: \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed Barcelona<\/em> \u4e2d “b” \u7684 \u8bfb\u97f3 [b] \u548c Saber<\/em> \u4e2d “b” \u7684\u8bfb\u97f3 [\u03b2] \u5747\u662f\u97f3\u4f4d \/b\/ \u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53. \u97f3\u4f4d \/e\/ \u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\u53d8\u4f53\u6709 [e], [\u1ebd], [\u03b5] \u548c [\u025b\u0303]. \u53c2\u89c1 \u2192 phone.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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254 phonemic<\/h4>\n

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phonemic | phonologique | fonem\u00e1tico | \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u00a0| \u97f3\u4f4d\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Relating to \u2192 phonemes.<\/p>\n

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Qui a trait aux \u2192 phon\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n

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Relativo a los \u2192 fonemas.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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253 \u2192 phoneme \u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

255 phonetic, phonetical<\/h4>\n

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phonetic, phonetical |\u00a0phon\u00e9tique (adj.)\u00a0|\u00a0fon\u00e9tico |\u00a0\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00a0|\u00a0\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u00a0|\u00a0\u8bed\u97f3\u7684\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Relating to \u2192\u00a0phonetics<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Qui a trait aux \u2192 phones<\/strong> de la langue parl\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

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Relativo a la \u2192 fon\u00e9tica.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192\u00a0\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192\u00a0phonetics<\/strong> \u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n

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256 phonetics<\/h4>\n

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phonetics | phon\u00e9tique (subst.) | fon\u00e9tica | \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u8bed\u97f3\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The study and classification of sounds made in spoken language. The minimal phonetic unit is the \u2192 phone.<\/p>\n

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Science qui \u00e9tudie et classe les sons phones) de la langue parl\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

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El estudio y la clasificaci\u00f3n de los sonidos de un idioma. La unidad m\u00ednima de sonido es el \u2192 fonio.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7814\u7a76\u53e3\u8bed\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u53ca\u5176\u5206\u7c7b. \u8bed\u97f3\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u97f3\u7d20.<\/p>\n

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257 phonogram<\/h4>\n

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phonogram | phonogramme | fonograma | \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 | (\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u061b \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a (\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\u00a0| \u97f3\u7b26 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) Graphic \u2192 character<\/strong> representing sound(s).<\/p>\n

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(b) In particular, a \u2192 pictogram<\/strong> representing not the meaning of its object but the sound of its name in a particular language.<\/p>\n

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Examples<\/em>: pictograms of Egyptian hieroglyphs when used to represent phonetic values, e.g. \u53e3 (a seat) for p, the initial sound of the word for \u201cseat\u201d.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Caract\u00e8re<\/strong> graphique repr\u00e9sentant un son ou une suite de sons. En particulier, un phonogramme est un \u2192 pictogramme<\/strong> qui, capable de fonctionner par ailleurs avec sa pleine valeur d\u2019id\u00e9ogramme, est utilis\u00e9 pour la transcription du consonantisme d\u2019un mot homonyme de celui que d\u00e9signe l\u2019id\u00e9ogramme.<\/p>\n

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Exemple:<\/em> dans les hi\u00e9roglyphes \u00e9gyptiens, le pictogramme \u53e3 (qui d\u00e9signait un si\u00e8ge), utilis\u00e9 pour repr\u00e9senter le \u00ab p \u00bb initial du mot.<\/p>\n

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1. \u2192 Car\u00e1cter<\/strong> gr\u00e1fico que representa uno o m\u00e1s sonidos.<\/p>\n

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2. En particular, un \u2192 pictograma<\/strong> que no representa el significado de un objeto sino el sonido de su nombre en una lengua determinada.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplo:<\/em> los pictogramas de los jerogl\u00edficos egipcios cuando se usaban para representar valores fon\u00e9ticos, como \u53e3 (un asiento) para la p, sonido inicial de la palabra “asiento”.<\/p>\n

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a) \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a(\u0438).<\/p>\n

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b) \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u044e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u53e3 (\u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u00bb) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 \/p\/, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u2190\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u25a1 (\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a) \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0640 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u201d\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a\u201c.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u8868\u793a\u8bed\u97f3\u6210\u5206\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 character).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(b) \u7279\u522b\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5f62\u7b26\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6307\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u542b \u4e49, \u800c\u662f\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u8bed\u97f3.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u57c3\u53ca\u5723\u4e66\u5b57\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u7b26\u7528 \u6765\u8868\u793a\u97f3\u503c\u65f6, \u5982 \u53e3 \u8868\u793ap\u7684\u6240\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u5373\u8bcd\u4e2d\u4f4d \u4e8e\u8be5\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684p\u8bfb\u5176\u521d\u59cb\u8bfb\u97f3.<\/p>\n

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258 phonological<\/h4>\n

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phonological | phonologique | fonol\u00f3gico | \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u061b \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u00a0| \u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u97f3\u7cfb\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Relating to \u2192 phonology.<\/p>\n

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a) Qui a trait \u00e0 la \u2192 phonologie; b) Qui a trait aux \u2192 phon\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n

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Relativo a la \u2192 fonolog\u00eda.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/strong> (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n

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259 \u2192 phonology \u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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259 phonology<\/h4>\n

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phonology | phonologie | fonolog\u00eda | \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0| \u97f3\u7cfb\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The study of speech sounds and their functions in a specific \u2192language or in two or more languages considered together for comparative purposes.<\/p>\n

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Etude des \u2192 phon\u00e8mes d’une \u2192 langue et de leurs fonctions, ou \u00e9tude compar\u00e9e des phon\u00e8mes de plusieurs langues.<\/p>\n

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Rama de la ling\u00fc\u00edstica que estudia los elementos f\u00f3nicos en una \u2192 lengua determinada o de dos o m\u00e1s lenguas en la comparaci\u00f3n entre ellas.<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00, \u6216\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e24\u79cd\u6216\u4e24\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u53ca\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76.<\/p>\n

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261 pictogram<\/h4>\n

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pictogram | pictogramme | pictograma | \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0| \u5f62\u7b26\uff0c\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic symbol that represents an object via graphic-visual similarity in order to convey either its meaning or the sound of its name. See also \u2192 phonogram<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Symbole graphique reproduisant le contenu d’un message (souvent par le biais d’une analogie visuelle). Voir aussi \u2192 phonogramme<\/strong>. Exemples \uff1a dessins sch\u00e9matiques donnant certaines indications simples dans des lieux publics (escalier m\u00e9canique, interdiction de fumer, sortie).<\/p>\n

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Signo gr\u00e1fico que representa un objeto por semejanza gr\u00e1fico-visual para comunicar su significado o el sonido de su nombre. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 fonograma<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a<\/strong> (\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u79cd\u63cf\u6479\u7269\u4f53\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7, \u4ee5\u4fbf\u4f20\u8fbe\u7269\u4f53\u540d\u79f0\u7684 \u8bed\u97f3\u6216\u5176\u542b\u4e49. \u53c2\u89c1 257 \u2192 phonogram<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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262 pidgin<\/h4>\n

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pidgin | pidgin | pidgin | \u043f\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d |\u00a0\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629\u00a0| \u6df7\u6742\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 phonological structure and style are simpler than those of the \u2192 language(s) from which it was evolved.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Tok Pisin (Neo-Melanesian), based on English; Bazaar Malay in Malaysia-Indonesia; Petit Mauresque (French-based, in North Africa); Fanagal\u00f3 (mainly from Zulu, South Afri\u00adca). A pidgin that becomes the \u2192 mother tongue of a \u2192 linguistic community is said to be creolized. See also \u2192 creole.<\/p>\n

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Langue auxiliaire de relation, n\u00e9e de la simplification de \u2192 langues en contact et ne servant qu’\u00e0 des besoins limit\u00e9s, notamment commerciaux, sans \u00eatre une langue maternelle. On dit qu’un pidgin qui devient la langue maternelle d’une communaut\u00e9 linguistique s’est cr\u00e9olis\u00e9. A la diff\u00e9rence des sabirs, les pidgins sont des syst\u00e8mes complets seconds, dont la \u2192 grammaire, la structure \u2192 phonologique et le style sont plus simples que ceux des langues dont ils proviennent. Exemples \uff1a le petit mauresque (bas\u00e9 sur le fran\u00e7ais, en Afrique du Nord); le fanagal\u00f3 (bas\u00e9 essentiellement sur le zoulou, en Afrique du Sud); le pidgin m\u00e9lan\u00e9sien, ou bichlamar, m\u00e9lange d’anglais et de m\u00e9lan\u00e9sien; la lingua franca, \u00e0 base d’italien central. Voir aussi \u2192 cr\u00e9ole.<\/p>\n

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Una forma relativamente estable de habla desarrollada como lengua auxiliar cuyo vocabulario y \u00e1mbito de utilizaci\u00f3n son muy limitados y cuya \u2192 gram\u00e1tica, estructura \u2192 fonol\u00f3gica y estilo son m\u00e1s sencillos que los de la \u2192 lengua o lenguas de las que procede. Ejemplos: Tok Pisin (neomelanesio) procedente del ingl\u00e9s; Bazaar malayo en Malasia-Indonesia; Petit Mauresque (basado en el franc\u00e9s, en \u00c1frica septentrional); Fanagal\u00f3 (basado fundamentalmente en el zul\u00fa, en Sur\u00e1frica). Cuando una lengua franca se convierte en la \u2192 lengua materna de una \u2192 comunidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica pasa a considerarse como criolla. V\u00e9ase \u2192 criollo.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u2192 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432), \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Tok Pisin (\u043d\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430; Bazaar Malay \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0438; Petit Mauresque (\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435); Fanagal\u00f3 (\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0437\u0443\u043b\u0443, \u042e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430). \u041f\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2192 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0640\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 <\/strong>\u2190\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629: Tok Pisin (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629\u061b \u0648 Bazaar Malay \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 – \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0648 Petit Mauresque (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627)\u061b \u0648 Fanagal\u00f3 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0649 \u0644\u0640\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u00a0\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f85\u52a9\u8bed\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00, \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed \u8a00\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u9650, \u5176\u8bed\u6cd5 (\u2192 grammar) \u3001 \u97f3\u7cfb (\u2192 phonological) \u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6587\u4f53\u5747\u6bd4\u53d1\u5c55\u524d\u7684 \u539f\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language) \u7b80\u5355. \u5982: \u6e90\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6258\u514b \u76ae\u8f9b\u8bed\uff08\u7f8e\u62c9\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6df7\u6742\u8bed); \u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a-\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a \u5730\u533a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u5357\u975e\u7956\u9c81\u8bed\u7684\u6cd5\u7eb3 \u52a0\u7f57\u8bed. \u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u8bed\u8a00\u793e\u533a (\u2192 linguistic community) \u6bcd\u8bed (\u2192 mother tongue) \u7684\u6df7\u6742\u8bed\u4e5f \u53ef\u8bf4\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u8bed. \u53c2\u89c1 047 \u2192 creole.<\/p>\n

263 pixel<\/h4>\n

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pixel | pixel | pixel | \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c |\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0644\u00a0| \u50cf\u7d20 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Acronym<\/strong> for \u201cpicture element\u201d; the unit of storage and display in \u2192 raster mode.<\/p>\n

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Plus petite surface homog\u00e8ne constitutive d’une image num\u00e9ris\u00e9e, d\u00e9finie par les dimensions de la maille d’\u00e9chantillonnage et \u00e0 laquelle peuvent \u00eatre affect\u00e9s s\u00e9par\u00e9ment des attributs tels que la luminosit\u00e9, la couleur, le clignotement; unit\u00e9 de stockage en \u2192 mode tram\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Acr\u00f3nimo<\/strong> para elemento de imagen (en ingl\u00e9s picture element); la unidad de almacenamiento y representaci\u00f3n en \u2192 modo barrido (raster).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0410\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong> \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00abpicture element\u00bb (\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442). \u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u2192 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631<\/strong> \u0644\u0640 (picture element) \u201d\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201c\u061b \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u662f pix \u548c el (ement) \u7684\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7ec4\u5408\u8bcd (\u2192\u00a0acronym<\/strong>), pix \u662f picture \u7684\u590d\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7f29\u7565\u8bcd\uff1b\u5149\u6805\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n

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(\u2192\u00a0raster mode<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u663e\u793a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

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271 radical, radix<\/h4>\n

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radical, radix |\u00a0radical |\u00a0radical |\u00a0\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c |\u00a0\u062c\u0650\u0630\u0631 |\u00a0\u90e8\u9996\uff1b\u8bcd\u6839 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a<\/em>)\u2003Basic form of a \u2192\u00a0logographic <\/strong>character<\/strong>. Example:<\/em> one of the approximately 240 Chinese basic \u2192\u00a0characters<\/strong> that represent cate\u00adgories of sense, such as the character for \u201cwood\u201d on the basis of which the \u2192\u00a0logogram<\/strong>s for specific kinds of woods, trees etc. are con\u00adstructed.<\/p>\n

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(b<\/em>)\u2003See<\/em> root.<\/p>\n

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Forme de base d\u2019un \u2192 caract\u00e8re logographique.\u00a0<\/strong>Exemple\u00a0:<\/em> L\u2019un des \u2192 caract\u00e8res <\/strong>de base chinois (240 environ) qui constituent les indicateurs s\u00e9mantiques, tel le caract\u00e8re pour \u00ab\u00a0arbre\u00a0\u00bb, sur la base duquel sont construits les\u00a0 \u2192 logogrammes<\/strong> repr\u00e9sentant les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s particuli\u00e8res d\u2019arbres.<\/p>\n

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Forma b\u00e1sica de un \u2192\u00a0car\u00e1cter ideogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>. Ejemplo:<\/em> uno de los aproximadamente 240 \u2192\u00a0caracteres<\/strong> b\u00e1sicos chinos que representan categor\u00edas de significado, como por ejemplo, el car\u00e1cter para \u2018madera\u2019, a partir del cual se construyen los\u00a0\u2192 ideogramas<\/strong> para cada clase espec\u00edfica de maderas, \u00e1rboles, etc\u00e9tera.<\/p>\n

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\u0430<\/em>)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e <\/strong>\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:\u2003\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e 240 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u00ad\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u0441\u00bb, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u2192\u00a0\u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u044b<\/strong>, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0442.\u00a0\u0434.<\/p>\n

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b<\/em>)\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0441\u043c<\/em>. root.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0632 <\/strong>\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0623\u062d\u062f\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 240 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u201c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u062e..<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: root.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u8bcd\u7b26\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0logographic character<\/strong>) \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u8bed\u4e49\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u7ea6240\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b57\u57fa\u672c\u5b57\u7b26<\/p>\n

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(\u2192\u00a0character<\/strong>) \u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u201c\u6811\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6797\u201d\u7b49\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u6728\u201d\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u8bcd\u7b26\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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(b) \u89c1 root\u3002<\/p>\n

272 raster mode<\/h4>\n

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raster mode | mode tram\u00e9, mode matriciel | modo barrido | \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d | \u5149\u6805\u65b9\u5f0f |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In a computer, storage and display of data on a dense grid of \u2192 pixels<\/strong> arranged in columns and rows. Example: Satellite images are normally stored in raster mode. Complementary term: \u2192 vector mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En informatique, m\u00e9thode de trac\u00e9 automatique dans laquelle le trac\u00e9 est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par \u2192 pixels<\/strong>, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement ordonn\u00e9s en colonnes et en rang\u00e9es. Exemple \uff1a l\u2019imagerie satellitaire est normalement stock\u00e9e en mode tram\u00e9. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 mode vectoriel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En un ordenador, el almacenamiento y presentaci\u00f3n de datos en una rejilla densa de \u2192 pixeles<\/strong> dispuestos en columnas y filas. Ejemplo: las im\u00e1genes por sat\u00e9lite se almacenan normalmente en modo barrido. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 modo vectorial<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435: \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/strong>, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d, \u5728\u4ee5\u884c\u548c\u5217\u65b9\u5f0f\u6392\u5217\u50cf\u7d20 (\u2192 pixels<\/strong>) \u7684 \u5bc6\u96c6\u683c\u7f51\u4e0a\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u663e\u793a. \u5982: \u536b\u661f\u56fe\u50cf \u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u5149\u6805\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 vector mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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274, 292 receiver script<\/h4>\n

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receiver script | \u00e9criture d\u2019arriv\u00e9e | escritura de t\u00e9rmino | \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 | \u76ee\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> target script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture utilis\u00e9 lors de la \u2192 transcription d\u2019un \u2192 toponyme repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 dans une autre \u00e9criture, dite \u2192 \u00e9criture de d\u00e9part. Exemple \uff1a \u00e9criture latine dans la romanisation du grec.<\/p>\n

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La \u2192 escritura en la que se puede convertir un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo a partir de su \u2192 escritura de origen. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n. Ejemplo: la escritura romana en la \u2192 romanizaci\u00f3n del griego.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u2192 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong> (script, target).<\/p>\n

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\u4ece\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym) \u7684\u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 source script) \u8bd1\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration) \u6210\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script). \u53c2\u89c1352 \u2192 transliteration. \u5982: \u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u7528\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u8bd1 \u5199\u540e\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u5b57.<\/p>\n

regional language<\/strong><\/h4>\n

See –> minority language (150)<\/p>\n

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277 retranscription<\/h4>\n

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retranscription | retranscription | retranscripci\u00f3n | \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a | \u9006\u97f3\u8bd1 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Reconversion of a result of \u2192 transcription<\/strong> into the \u2192 source language<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Nouvelle \u2192 conversion<\/strong> du r\u00e9sultat d’une \u2192 transcription<\/strong> permettant de revenir \u00e0 la \u2192 langue de d\u00e9part<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Reconversi\u00f3n del resultado de una \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n<\/strong> en la \u2192 lengua de origen<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u2192 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong> (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u6062\u590d\u6210\u539f\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 source language<\/strong>) \u7684\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 transcription<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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278 retransliteration<\/h4>\n

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retransliteration | retranslitt\u00e9ration | retransliteraci\u00f3n | \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 | \u9006\u8f6c\u5199 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Reconversion of a result of \u2192 transliteration into the \u2192 source script<\/strong>. See also \u2192 reversibility<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Nouvelle \u2192 conversion<\/strong> du r\u00e9sultat d’une \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong> pour revenir \u00e0 \u0393\u2192 \u00e9criture de d\u00e9part<\/strong>. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Reconversi\u00f3n del resultado de una \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong> en la \u2192 escritura de origen<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 reversibilidad<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u2192 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u6062\u590d\u6210\u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 source script<\/strong>) \u7684\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration<\/strong>). \u53c2\u89c1\u00a0\u00a0reversibility<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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279 reversibility<\/h4>\n

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reversibility | r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 | reversibilidad | \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c |\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u061b \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 |\u53ef\u9006\u6027 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A characteristic of \u2192 transliteration<\/strong> that permits a written item to be converted from one \u2192 script<\/strong> or \u2192 writing system<\/strong> into another, and subsequently to be reconverted back into the \u2192 source script<\/strong>, the result being identical with the original.<\/p>\n

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Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d’un syst\u00e8me de \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong> qui permet, d’une part, la \u2192 conversion<\/strong> d’un texte original donn\u00e9 dans un syst\u00e8me d\uff0c\u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> (de d\u00e9part) vers un autre syst\u00e8me d\uff0c\u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> (d’arriv\u00e9e), et, d’autre part, la transformation inverse de ce deuxi\u00e8me texte en un texte rigoureusement identique au premier.<\/p>\n

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Propiedad de la \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong> gracias a la cual se puede convertir un elemento desde una \u2192 escritura<\/strong> o \u2192 sistema de escritura<\/strong> en otra y posteriormente es posible volver a convertirlo en la \u2192 escritura de origen<\/strong> para obtener un resultado id\u00e9ntico al elemento original.<\/p>\n

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\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong> \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u2192 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e<\/strong> \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443.<\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00df \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u4ece\u7532\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration<\/strong>) \u6210\u4e59\u79cd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>) \u6216\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system<\/strong>) , \u518d\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd \u4e59\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u6062\u590d\u6210\u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 source script<\/strong>) , \u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef \u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u8f6c\u5199\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u53eb\u4f5c\u53ef\u9006\u6027.<\/p>\n

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280 romanization<\/h4>\n

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romanization | romanisation | romanizaci\u00f3n | \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 | \u7f57\u9a6c\u5316 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Conversion<\/strong> from non-Roman into Roman \u2192 script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda \u2192 Ath\u00edna; Moc\u043a\u0432a \u2192 Moskva; \ufe91<\/span>\ufef3\ufead\ufeee\ufe96 \u2192 Bayr\u016bt; \u05ea<\/span>\u05dc–<\/span>\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1<\/span> \u2192 Tel-Aviv; \u30cb\u30db\u30f3 \u2192 Nihon.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong> d\u2019un ou de plusieurs \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> d\u2019un alphabet non latin en un alphabet \u00e0 \u2192 caract\u00e8res<\/strong> latins, assortis au besoin de \u2192 signes diacritiques<\/strong>. Des syst\u00e8mes de romanisation approuv\u00e9s par le Groupe d\u2019experts des Nations Unies pour les noms g\u00e9ographiques existent pour les \u00e9critures suivantes: amharique; chinois; cyrillique bulgare, mac\u00e9donien, russe et serbo-croate; devanagari; farsi; grec; h\u00e9breu; khmer; tha\u00ef.<\/p>\n

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Exemple:<\/em> A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda, Ath\u00edna; Moc\u043a\u0432a, Moskva; \ufe91<\/span>\ufef3\ufead\ufeee\ufe96, Bayr\u00fct; \u05ea<\/span>\u05dc–<\/span>\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1<\/span>, Tel-Aviv; \u30cb\u30db\u30f3, Nihon.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Conversi\u00f3n<\/strong> desde una \u2192 escritura<\/strong> no romana en la escritura romana.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda \u2192 Ath\u00edna; Moc\u043a\u0432a \u2192 Moskva; \ufe91<\/span>\ufef3\ufead\ufeee\ufe96 \u2192 Bayr\u00fct; \u05ea<\/span>\u05dc–<\/span>\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1<\/span> \u2192 Tel-Aviv; \u30cb\u30db\u30f3 \u2192 Nihon.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/strong> \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda \u2192 Ath\u00edna; Moc\u043a\u0432a \u2192 Moskva; \ufe91<\/span>\ufef3\ufead\ufeee\ufe96 \u2192 Bayr\u00fct; \u05ea<\/span>\u05dc–<\/span>\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1<\/span> \u2192 Tel-Aviv; \u30cb\u30db\u30f3 \u2192 Nihon.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0644\u0640\u063a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629: A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda \u00ac Ath\u00edna \u061b \u0648 Moc\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u00ac Moskva \u061b \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0648\u062a \u00ac Bayr\u0169t\u061b \u0648 \u00ac \u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d0-\u05dc\u05ea Tel-Aviv\u061b \u0648 \u30cb\u30db\u30f3 \u00ac Nihon.<\/p>\n

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\u628a\u975e\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57\u8bd1\u5199\u6210\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u628a\u5e0c\u814a\u6587 \u7684 A\u03b8\u03ae\u03bda \u8bd1\u5199\u6210 Athina (\u96c5\u5178); \u4fc4\u6587\u7684 Moc\u043a\u0432a \u8bd1\u5199 \u6210 Moskva (\u83ab\u65af\u79d1); \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u7684 \ufe91<\/span>\ufef3\ufead\ufeee\ufe96 \u8bd1\u5199\u6210 Bayr\u00fbt (\u8d1d\u9c81\u7279); \u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587\u7684 \u05ea\u05dc-\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u8bd1\u5199\u6210 Tel-Aviv (\u7279\u62c9\u7ef4\u592b); \u65e5\u8bed\u7684 \u30cb\u30db\u30f3 = Nihon.<\/p>\n

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281 romanization key<\/h4>\n

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romanization key | table (ou tableau) de romanisation | clave de romanizaci\u00f3n | \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 |\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 | \u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u8f6c\u5199\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Roman \u2192 alphabet,<\/strong> including \u2192 diacritics<\/strong> as required.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Roman \u0161\u010d for Russian Cyrillic \u0449; Roman ps for Greek \u03a8. Special case of \u2192 transliteration key<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Tableau donnant les \u2192 caract\u00e8res<\/strong> d\u2019une \u2192 \u00e9criture<\/strong> non latine ainsi que les \u2192 lettres<\/strong> correspondantes dans un syst\u00e8me bas\u00e9 sur l\u2019 \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> latin, comprenant les \u2192 signes<\/strong> diacritiques n\u00e9cessaires.<\/p>\n

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Exemple:<\/em> le groupe latin \u00ab \u0161\u010d \u00bb pour le russe \u0449, le groupe \u00ab ps \u00bb pour le grec \u03a8. Un cas particulier de \u2192 table de translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Cuadro que muestra los \u2192 caracteres<\/strong> gr\u00e1ficos de una \u2192 escritura<\/strong> no romana, junto con las \u2192 letras<\/strong> correspondientes de un \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong> romano, incluidos \u2192 diacr\u00edticos cuando es necesario.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> las letras \u0161\u010d romanas para el signo cir\u00edlico ruso \u0449; las ps romanas para el griego \u03a8 . Es un caso especial de \u2192 clave de transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong> \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/strong>, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443<\/strong>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0161\u010d <\/em>\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449<\/em>; \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 ps<\/em> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u03a8<\/em>. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong> (\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641)<\/strong> \u2190\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0640\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0161\u010d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0449 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 ps \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u03a8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabet<\/strong>) \u8f6c\u5199\u975e\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>) \u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u8868,\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 diacritics<\/strong>). \u5982: \u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u7d00\u4e3a\u4fc4\u8bed\u897f\u91cc\u5c14\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684 \u0449; ps\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u03a8. \u8f6c\u5199\u8868 (\u2192 transliteration key<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e00\u79cd.<\/p>\n

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282 root<\/h4>\n

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root | racine | ra\u00edz | \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c |\u00a0\u062c\u0650\u0630\u0631 | \u8bcd\u6839 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Reference to a basic item in \u2192 linguistics<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Example: the stem from which a word is derived, such as the cluster of three conso\u00adnants in Semitic words, e.g. n z l for nazala (Arabic \u201cdescend\u201d) or y r d for yarad (\u201cdescend\u201d in Hebrew) and all their derivatives.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 linguistique<\/strong>, \u00e9l\u00e9ment de base constituant un support de signification. Exemple \uff1a en linguistique s\u00e9mitique, la racine est une suite de trois consonnes li\u00e9e \u00e0 une notion d\u00e9termin\u00e9e et qui, compl\u00e9t\u00e9e de voyelles, donne la base des mots \uff1a ainsi la racine arabe ktb exprime la notion d’\u00e9crire, kataba signifie \u00ab il a \u00e9crit \u00bb, katib, \u00ab \u00e9crivain \u00bb, kitab, \u00ab ce qui est \u00e9crit \u00bb; en h\u00e9breu, y r d pour yarad, descendre.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/strong>, indica a un elemento b\u00e1sico. Ejemplo: el tronco del que se deriva una palabra, como el grupo de tres consonantes en las palabras sem\u00edticas; por ejemplo, n z l para nazala (‘bajar’ en \u00e1rabe) \u00f3 y r d en yarad (‘bajar’ en hebreo) y todos sus derivados.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0432 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong>. \u0412 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c \u2192 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432: n, z, l \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 nazala (\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u00bb) \u0438\u043b\u0438 y, r, d \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 yarad (\u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u00bb) \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0644(\u0646 \u0632 \u0644) n z l \u0644\u0640 nazala (\u201d\u0646\u0640\u0632\u0644\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629) \u0623\u0648 y r d \u0644\u0640 yarad (\u201d\u0646\u0632\u0644\u201c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66 (\u2192 linguistics<\/strong>) \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9879. \u5982\u6d3e\u751f\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7684\u8bcd\u5e72 (\u5982\u95ea\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8f85\u97f3\u6784\u6210\u7684\u8bcd\u6839), \u5982: \u6e90\u4e8e\u963f \u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u8bcd nazala \u4e2d\u7684 n z l, \u6216\u6e90\u4e8e\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u8bcd yarad \u4e2d\u7684y r d\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u6d3e\u751f\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u5e72.<\/p>\n

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283 script<\/h4>\n

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script | \u00e9criture | escritura | \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 | \u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A set of graphic symbols employed in writing or printing a particular language, differing from another set not only by \u2192 typeface<\/strong> or \u2192 font<\/strong>. Groups of different scripts form \u2192 writing systems<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Roman, Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic, Korean, Thai and Hebrew scripts belong to the \u2192 alphabetic writing system<\/strong>; Amharic, Japanese Kana and Inuktitut (Eskimo) to the \u2192 syllabic<\/strong>; Chinese Han and Japanese Kanji to the \u2192 logographic<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de symboles graphiques employ\u00e9s pour \u00e9crire ou imprimer une langue particuli\u00e8re (et qui diff\u00e8re d’autres ensembles par des caract\u00e9ristiques autres que la \u2192 police de caract\u00e8res<\/strong>. Les diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9critures sont regroup\u00e9es en \u2192 syst\u00e8mes d’ \u00e9criture<\/strong>. Exemples \uff1a les \u00e9critures arabe, cyrillique, grecque, h\u00e9bra\u00efque, latine, tha\u00ef appartiennent au syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture \u2192 alphab\u00e9tique<\/strong>; les \u00e9critures amharique, inuktitut (esquimau) et kana au syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture \u2192 syllabique<\/strong>; les \u00e9critures han et kanji au syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture \u2192 logographique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto de signos gr\u00e1ficos empleados para escribir o imprimir una lengua determinada y que difiere de otro conjunto no s\u00f3lo por la \u2192 clase de letra<\/strong> o \u2192 tipo<\/strong>. Un grupo de diferentes escrituras forma un \u2192 sistema de escritura<\/strong>. Ejemplos: las escrituras romana, griega, cir\u00edlica, \u00e1rabe, coreana, tai y hebrea pertenecen al sistema de escritura \u2192 alfab\u00e9tico<\/strong>; las am\u00e1rica, kana japonesa e inuktitut (esquimal) al \u2192 sil\u00e1bico<\/strong>; las han china y kanji japonesa, al \u2192 ideogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u2192 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u0430<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/strong>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043a \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0430\u043c\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u2192\u00a0 \u043a \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/strong>; \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0437\u0438 \u2192 \u043a \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0637<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u2190 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0643\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062a (\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0648) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4e66\u5199\u6216\u5370\u5237\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7, \u5b83\u5728\u5b57\u4f53 (\u2192 typeface<\/strong>) \u3001\u5b57\u6837 (\u2192 font<\/strong>) \u4e0a\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0d\u540c. \u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system<\/strong>). \u5982: \u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u3001\u897f\u91cc\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u6587\u3001\u6cf0\u6587\u548c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabetic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57 \u7cfb\u7edf. \u963f\u59c6\u54c8\u62c9\u6587, \u65e5\u672c\u5047\u540d\u548c\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u6587\uff08\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u8bed) \u5c5e\u4e8e\u97f3\u8282 (\u2192 syllabic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf; \u4e2d\u56fd\u6c49\u5b57\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u6c49\u5b57 \u5c5e\u4e8e\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logographic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf.<\/p>\n

291 original script<\/h4>\n

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original script | escritura de origen |\u00a0\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00a0\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u00a0| \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 | \u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57\u00a0|<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> source script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em>\u00a0source script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase\u00a0<\/em>source script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. source\u00a0script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 (script, source<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1 script, source<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

293, 306 source script<\/h4>\n

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source script | \u00e9criture de d\u00e9part | escritura de origen | \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 | \u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 script<\/strong> in terms of which a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> is produced, and on the basis of which it may be converted for use in another script called \u2192 target script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture<\/strong> utilis\u00e9e pour repr\u00e9senter un \u2192 toponyme<\/strong>, \u00e0 partir duquel on effectue une op\u00e9ration de transcription vers un autre \u2192 syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture<\/strong>, dite \u2192 \u00e9criture d’arriv\u00e9e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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La \u2192 escritura<\/strong> en la que se produce un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> y que sirve de base para su conversi\u00f3n en otra escritura llamada \u2192 escritura de t\u00e9rmino<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e<\/strong>, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong> \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u043c-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u2190 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>) \u6700\u521d\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>). \u6839 \u636e\u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57\u8bd1\u5199\u6210\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u79f0\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 target script<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

294, 323 syllabic script<\/h4>\n

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syllabic script | \u00e9criture syllabique | escritura sil\u00e1bica | \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e |\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 | \u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 script<\/strong> belonging to the \u2192 syllabic<\/strong> \u2192 writing system<\/strong> in which all, or the majority of, \u2192 characters<\/strong> each represent an entire syllable.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Ethiopian Amharic; Japanese Katakana and Hiragana; Inuktitut \u2192 syllabics<\/strong>. Korean, though alphabetic, is graphically and visually syllabic.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Ecriture<\/strong> appartenant au \u2192 syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture syllabique<\/strong>, dans lequel la plupart des \u2192 caract\u00e8res<\/strong> repr\u00e9sentent chacun non pas un phon\u00e8me mais une \u2192 syllabe<\/strong>. Exemples \uff1a l’amharique, \u00e9criture \u00e9thiopienne; le katakana et l’hiragana, \u00e9critures japonaises; l’inuktitut, \u00e9criture esquimaude. Le cor\u00e9en, bien qu’alphab\u00e9tique, est graphiquement et visuellement syllabique.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Escritura<\/strong> que pertenece al \u2192 sistema de escritura<\/strong> \u2192 sil\u00e1bico<\/strong> en el cual cada uno de los \u2192 caracteres<\/strong>, o la mayor\u00eda, representa una \u2192 s\u00edlaba entera<\/strong>. Ejemplos: el am\u00e1rico de Etiop\u00eda; las japonesas katakana e hiragana y el esquimal inuktitut son \u2192 sil\u00e1bicas<\/strong>. El coreano, aunque alfab\u00e9tico, es sil\u00e1bico gr\u00e1fica y visualmente.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong>, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0430\u043c\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435<\/strong>. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u2190 \u0631\u0645\u0632<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b <\/strong>\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0643\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5c5e\u4e8e\u97f3\u8282 (\u2192 syllabic<\/strong>) \u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf (\u2192 writing system<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>) , \u5176\u6240\u6709\u7684, \u6216\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57 (\u2192 character<\/strong>) \u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u97f3\u8282. \u5982: \u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a \u7684\u963f\u59c6\u54c8\u62c9\u6587\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u7247\u5047\u540d\u548c\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u3001\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u6587\u5747 \u4e3a\u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 syllabics<\/strong>). \u671d\u9c9c\u6587\u867d\u5f52\u5c5e\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57, \u4f46\u5b57\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u4ee5\u97f3\u8282\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d.<\/p>\n

295, 330 target script<\/h4>\n

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target script | \u00e9criture d\u2019arriv\u00e9e | escritura de t\u00e9rmino | \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a | \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 | \u76ee\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A \u2192 script<\/strong> into which a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> may be converted from its \u2192 source script<\/strong>. See also \u2192 transliteration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Example: Roman script in the \u2192 romanization<\/strong> of Greek.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture<\/strong> utilis\u00e9 lors de la \u2192 transcription<\/strong> d’un \u2192 toponyme<\/strong> repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 dans une autre \u00e9criture, dite \u2192 \u00e9criture de d\u00e9part<\/strong>. Exemple \uff1a \u00e9criture latine dans la \u2192 romanisation<\/strong> du grec.<\/p>\n

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La \u2192 escritura<\/strong> en la que se puede convertir un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> a partir de su \u2192 escritura de origen<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong>. Ejemplo: la escritura romana en la \u2192 romanizaci\u00f3n<\/strong> del griego.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e<\/strong>, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong> \u2192 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 <\/strong>(352). \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u2190 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 <\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u4ece\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>) \u7684\u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 source script<\/strong>) \u8bd1\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration<\/strong>) \u6210\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>). \u53c2\u89c1352 \u2192 transliteration<\/strong>. \u5982: \u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u7528\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u8bd1 \u5199\u540e\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u5b57.<\/p>\n

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296 segment<\/h4>\n

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segment | segment | segmento | \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 |\u00a0\u062c\u0632\u0621\u061b \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 | \u5207\u5206\u6210\u5206 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In \u2192 linguistics, any discrete unit that can be identified in the stream of speech.<\/p>\n

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Examples: \u2192 phonemes; \u2192 consonants; \u2192 vowels.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 linguistique, toute unit\u00e9 discr\u00e8te pouvant \u00eatre mise en \u00e9vidence dans la parole. Exemple \uff1a \u2192 phones \u2192 consonnes \u2192 voyelles.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 ling\u00fc\u00edstica, cualquier unidad discreta que se puede identificar en el transcurso del habla. Ejemplos: \u2192 fonemas; \u2192 consonantes; \u2192 vocales.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b; \u2192 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>)\u061b \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a<\/strong>\u061b \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66 (\u2192 linguistics) \u4e2d, \u6307\u4ece\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bed\u6d41\u4e2d\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684 \u4efb\u4f55\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5355\u4f4d. \u5982: \u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phonemes) \u3001 \u8f85\u97f3 (\u2192 consonants) \u548c\u5143\u97f3 (\u2192 vowels).<\/p>\n

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297 semantics<\/h4>\n

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semantics | s\u00e9mantique | sem\u00e1ntica | \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 | \u8bed\u4e49\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The branch of \u2192 linguistics<\/strong> that deals with meaning.<\/p>\n

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Partie de la \u2192 linguistique<\/strong> qui traite de la signification.<\/p>\n

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Rama de la \u2192 ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/strong> que estudia el significado de los signos ling\u00fc\u00edsticos y de sus combinaciones.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong>, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66 (\u2192 linguistics<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u8bed\u8a00\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5206\u652f\u5b66\u79d1.<\/p>\n

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298 sequence rules<\/h4>\n

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sequence rules | r\u00e8gles de classement | reglas de ordenaci\u00f3n | \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 |\u00a0 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 | \u987a\u5e8f\u89c4\u5219 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Rules that indicate in which order words (e.g. \u2192 toponyms<\/strong> in a gazetteer) should be arranged with respect to the sequence of their \u2192 letters<\/strong>, \u2192 syllabograms<\/strong> or \u2192 logograms<\/strong>. Problems may arise especially with letters omitted in the conventional way of citing the \u2192 alphabet<\/strong> or letters with \u2192 markers<\/strong> or \u2192 diacritics<\/strong> such as \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, \u00df in German and ll, \u00f1 in Spanish, as well as with hyphenated words.<\/p>\n

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Principes qui d\u00e9terminent le rang de chacun des mots dans une suite, par exemple de \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> dans une \u2192 nomenclature<\/strong> toponymique en fonction de la succession de leurs \u2192 lettres<\/strong> \u2192 id\u00e9ogrammes<\/strong> ou \u2192 caract\u00e8res syllabiques<\/strong>. Des probl\u00e8mes peuvent se pr\u00e9senter, en particulier avec les lettres traditionnellement omises dans l’alphabet, accompagn\u00e9es de \u2192 signes diacritiques<\/strong> ou de \u2192 marqueurs<\/strong> telles \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, \u00df en allemand ou ll et \u00f1 en espagnol, de m\u00eame qu’avec les mots comportant des traits d’union.<\/p>\n

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Reglas que indican en qu\u00e9 orden se deben colocar las palabras (por ejemplo, los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> en un nomencl\u00e1tor) de acuerdo con el orden de sus \u2192 letras<\/strong>, \u2192 silabogramas<\/strong> o \u2192 ideogramas<\/strong>. Puede haber problemas con letras que se omiten en la forma convencional de ordenar el \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong> o con letras con \u2192 signos auxiliares<\/strong> o \u2192 diacr\u00edticos<\/strong> como \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, \u00df en alem\u00e1n; ll o \u00f1 en espa\u00f1ol y con las palabras con gui\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 [\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435] \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c<\/strong>. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong>, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, \u00df \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435; ll \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00f1 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0441.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u00a0\u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u2190 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00e4\u060c \u00f6\u060c \u00fc\u060c \u2190 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648ll \u0623\u0648 \u00f1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u201d-\u201c.<\/p>\n

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\u6392\u5217\u8bcd (\u5982\u5730\u540d\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms<\/strong>) ) \u4e2d\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letters<\/strong>) \u3001 \u97f3\u8282\u5b57\u7b26 (\u2192 syllabograms<\/strong>) \u6216\u8bcd\u7b26 (\u2192 logograms<\/strong>) \u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u89c4\u5219. \u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a \u7701\u7565\u4e86\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 markers<\/strong>) \u6216\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 diacritics<\/strong>) \u7684\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 alphabet<\/strong>) ,\u5176\u6392\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898. \u5982: \u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u00e2, \u00f4, \u03cb, \u03b2; \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684U\u6216\u0419\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e26\u6709 \u8fde\u5b57\u7b26”-“\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47.<\/p>\n

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299 short form (of a name)<\/h4>\n

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short form (of a name) | forme courte (d’un nom) | forma corta (de un nombre propio de lugar) | \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f) | (\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 | \u7b80\u79f0(\u5730\u540d\uff09 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In \u2192 toponymy<\/strong>, the abbreviated or short version of a name.<\/p>\n

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Examples: China, for the People\u2019s Republic of China; Jordan, for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Complementary term: \u2192 long form<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 toponymie<\/strong>, nom sous sa forme abr\u00e9g\u00e9e usuelle. Exemple: Chine pour R\u00e9publique populaire de Chine; Jordanie pour Royaume hach\u00e9mite de Jordanie. Expression compl\u00e9mentaire : \u2192 forme longue<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En \u2192 toponimia<\/strong>, la versi\u00f3n corta o abreviada de un nombre. Ejemplos: China, en lugar de Rep\u00fablica Popular China; Jordania, por el Reino Hachemita de Jordania. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 forma larga<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0412 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0418\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0418\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0425\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong> (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u7684\u7f29\u5199\u6216\u7b80\u8bd1\u5f62\u5f0f. \u5982: \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b80\u79f0\u4e2d \u56fd; \u7ea6\u65e6\u54c8\u897f\u59c6\u738b\u56fd\u7b80\u79f0\u7ea6\u65e6. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: 183 \u2192 long form<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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300 short title<\/h4>\n

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short title | forme courte (d\u2019un nom) | forma corta (de un nombre propio de lugar) | \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 | \u7b80\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> short form (of a name).<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> short form (of a name).<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase\u00a0<\/em>short form (of a name).<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. short form (of a name).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631<\/em>: \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0648\u062c\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 ((short form (of a name).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1 short form (of a name).<\/p>\n

304 software<\/h4>\n

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software | logiciel | software (conjunto de programas) | \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 |\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a | \u8f6f\u4ef6 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Programs<\/strong>, procedures and \u2192 data<\/strong> associated with the operation of a computer system. Complementary term: \u2192 hardware<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble des \u2192 programmes<\/strong>, proc\u00e9dures et \u2192 donn\u00e9es destin\u00e9s<\/strong> \u00e0 effectuer un traitement particulier sur un ordinateur. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 mat\u00e9riel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Programas<\/strong>, procesos y \u2192 datos asociados<\/strong> con el funcionamiento de un sistema de ordenador. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 hardware<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u2192 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/strong>, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u6709\u5173\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f (\u2192 program<\/strong>) ,\u8fc7 \u7a0b\u53ca\u6570\u636e (\u2192 data<\/strong>) \u6587\u4ef6. \u4e92\u8865\u672f\u8bed: 127 \u2192 hardware<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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307 specific element<\/h4>\n

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specific element | \u00e9l\u00e9ment sp\u00e9cifique | elemento espec\u00edfico | \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 |\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f | \u4e13\u540d\u6210\u5206 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The part of a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> that does not constitute a \u2192 generic term<\/strong> and that distinguishes it from others of the same \u2192 feature class<\/strong>. It may include an \u2192 article<\/strong> and\/or other linguistic elements.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Port Elizabeth; Rio Negro; Cape of Good Hope.<\/p>\n

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Partie d\u2019un \u2192 toponyme<\/strong> qui n\u2019est pas un \u2192 terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique<\/strong>, et qui distingue l\u2019entit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e des autres appartenant \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u2192 classe.<\/strong> Il peut comporter un \u2192 article<\/strong> ou un autre \u00e9l\u00e9ment linguistique, ou bien les deux.<\/p>\n

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Exemples \uff1aCap de Bonne-Esp\u00e9rance; Rio Negro.<\/p>\n

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Terme compl\u00e9mentaire:\u00a0terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

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Porci\u00f3n de un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo<\/strong> que no constituye un \u2192 t\u00e9rmino gen\u00e9rico<\/strong> y que lo distingue de otros de la misma \u2192 clase de accidente<\/strong>. Pude incluir un \u2192 art\u00edculo<\/strong> y\/u otros elementos ling\u00fc\u00edsticos.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: Port Elizabeth; R\u00edo Negro; Cape of Good Hope.<\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/strong>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/strong> \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/strong>. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044c<\/strong> \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043c\u044b\u0441 \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b; Port Elizabeth; Rio Negro.<\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0640\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0640\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u2190 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u2190 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645<\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2190 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/strong> (\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641) \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0640\u064a\u062b<\/u>\u00a0(Port Elizabeth<\/u>) \u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/u> (Rio Negro<\/u>)\u061b\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<\/u> (Cape of Good Hope<\/u>).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u901a\u540d (\u2192 generic term<\/strong>) \u4ee5\u5915\u535c\u7684\u90e8\u5206, \u7528\u6765\u533a\u5206\u540c\u7c7b\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 feature class<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2a\u4f53. \u4e13\u540d\u4e2d\u53ef\u5305\u62ec\u51a0\u8bcd (\u2192 article<\/strong>) ,\u548c\/ \u6216\u5176\u5b83\u8bed\u8a00\u6210\u5206.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Port Elizabeth (\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u6e2f): Rio Negro (\u5185\u683c\u7f57\u6cb3): Cape of Good Hope (\u597d\u671b\u89d2).<\/p>\n

308 speech<\/h4>\n

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speech | parole | habla | \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c | \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 | \u8a00\u8bed \u8a00\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An oral manifestation of \u2192 language<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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R\u00e9alisation orale d’une \u2192 langue<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Manifestaci\u00f3n oral de una \u2192 lengua<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0640 \u2190 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u53e3\u5934\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f.<\/p>\n

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309 speech community<\/h4>\n

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speech community | Voir linguistic community | comunidad de hablantes o de habla | \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 (\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435) \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e |\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\/\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 | \u8a00\u8bed\u793e\u56e2 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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A group of people who communicate orally with relative ease in a common \u2192 language<\/strong> or \u2192 dialect<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Note \uff1a\u00ab speech community \u00bb en anglais d\u00e9signe plus particuli\u00e8rement un ensemble d’individus capables de communiquer entre eux au moyen d’une \u2192 langue<\/strong> ou d’un \u2192 dialecte oraux<\/strong> (et non pas d’un syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture commun).<\/p>\n

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La totalidad de los individuos que se comunican oralmente con relativa facilidad en una misma \u2192 lengua<\/strong> o \u2192 dialecto<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u6bd4\u8f83\u81ea\u5728\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5171\u540c\u8bed (\u2192 language<\/strong>) \u6216\u65b9\u8a00 (\u2192 dialect<\/strong>) \u8fdb\u884c\u53e3\u5934\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4.<\/p>\n

standard name<\/h4>\n

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standard name |\u00a0nombre propio\u00a0normalizado |\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See \u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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Voir \u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase \u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c.\u00a0\u2192 name, standardized.<\/p>\n

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311 standardization<\/h4>\n

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standardization | normalisation | normalizaci\u00f3n | \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f | \u6807\u51c6\u5316 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The establishment, by an appropriate authority, of a specific set of standards or norms, e.g. for the uniform rendering of \u2192 toponyms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(b) Rendering an item such as a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> in accordance with such norms.<\/p>\n

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a) Etablissement, par une \u2192 autorit\u00e9 toponymique, d\u2019un ensemble de r\u00e8gles et de crit\u00e8res normatifs applicables par exemple au traitement uniformis\u00e9 des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong>;<\/p>\n

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b) Traitement d\u2019un \u2192 toponyme<\/strong> suivant un ensemble d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments normatifs donn\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

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1. Establecimiento, por una autoridad competente, de un conjunto espec\u00edfico de normas para una actividad determinada, como, por ejemplo, para dar uniformidad a los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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2. Adaptar un elemento, por ejemplo un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo<\/strong>, a dichas normas.<\/p>\n

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3. En ingl\u00e9s, normalization<\/em> se usa a veces en lugar de standardization<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430<\/strong> \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7531\u4e13\u95e8\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u4e13\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u89c4\u8303. \u5982\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms<\/strong>) \u7edf\u4e00\u8bd1\u5199\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u6839\u636e\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponyms<\/strong>) \u8bd1\u5199.<\/p>\n

313 international standardization of geographical names<\/h4>\n

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international standardization of geographical names |\u00a0normalisation internationale des noms g\u00e9ographiques |\u00a0normalizaci\u00f3n internacional de nombres geogr\u00e1ficos |\u00a0\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 |\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 |\u00a0\u5730\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u5316 |<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Activity aimed at reaching maximum practical uniformity in the rendering\u2014oral and written\u2014of all\u00a0\u2192\u00a0geographical names<\/strong> on Earth (and, in a wider sense, of\u00a0\u2192\u00a0toponyms\u00a0<\/strong>of\u00a0\u2192\u00a0extraterrestrial fea\u00adtures<\/strong>), by means of (1)\u00a0\u2192\u00a0national standardization<\/strong>, and\/or (2) interna\u00adtional convention, including the correspondence between different languag\u00ades and writing systems.<\/p>\n

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Activit\u00e9 qui vise une uniformisation optimale des formes orales ou \u00e9crites de la majorit\u00e9 des \u2192 noms g\u00e9ographiques<\/strong> terrestres et, dans un sens large, des \u2192 toponymes <\/strong>\u2192 extraterrestres\u00a0: <\/strong><\/p>\n

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soit\u00a0: 1) par la \u2192 normalisation nationale;\u00a0<\/strong>soit 2) par convention internationale, fixant \u00e9galement les \u00e9quivalents dans les diverses langues et syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9criture.<\/p>\n

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Actividad para alcanzar la m\u00e1xima uniformidad pr\u00e1ctica en la presentaci\u00f3n oral o escrita de los \u2192\u00a0nombres geogr\u00e1ficos<\/strong> de la Tierra (y en un sentido m\u00e1s amplio de los \u2192\u00a0top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> de los \u2192\u00a0accidentes extraterrestres<\/strong>) por medio de la \u2192\u00a0normalizaci\u00f3n nacional<\/strong> y\/o de una convenci\u00f3n internacional, incluida la correspondencia entre las diferentes lenguas y sistemas de escritura.<\/p>\n

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\u0414\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u2192\u00a0\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/strong> [\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u00a0\u2013 \u2192\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 <\/strong>\u2192\u00a0\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong>] \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1)\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 2)\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/p>\n

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\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c (\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0640\u00a0 \u2190\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/strong>) \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642: (1) \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a <\/strong>\u0648\/\u0623\u0648 (2) \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u5316 (\u2192\u00a0national standardization<\/strong>) \u6216\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u8fbe\u5230\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u540d (\u2192\u00a0geographical<\/strong> names<\/strong>) (\u52a0\u4e4b\u5730\u7403\u5916\u661f\u4f53\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192\u00a0extraterrestrial<\/strong> features<\/strong>) \u540d\u79f0 (\u2192\u00a0toponyms<\/strong>)) \u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u7684\u548c\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n

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314 national standardization of geographical names<\/h4>\n

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national standardization of geographical names |\u00a0normalisation nationale des noms g\u00e9ographiques |\u00a0normalizaci\u00f3n nacional de nombres geogr\u00e1ficos |\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 | \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a |\u00a0\u5730\u540d\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u5316 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Standardization <\/strong>of \u2192\u00a0geographical names<\/strong> within the area of a<\/p>\n

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national entity, such as a State.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Normalisation des noms g\u00e9ographiques<\/strong> \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle d\u2019un Etat, relativement \u00e0 l\u2019usage des noms de lieux ressortissant \u00e0 sa juridiction territoriale.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Normalizaci\u00f3n<\/strong> de \u2192\u00a0nombres geogr\u00e1ficos<\/strong> dentro del \u00e1mbito de una entidad nacional, por ejemplo, un Estado.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f <\/strong>\u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/strong> \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u8f96\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5730\u540d (\u2192\u00a0geographical names<\/strong>) \u6807\u51c6\u5316 (\u2192\u00a0standardization<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

settlement name<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2192 proper noun referring to all kinds of human settlements of a more or less permanent nature (cities, towns, villages, hamlets, farms, ranches, houses, etc.).<\/p>\n

Examples: Paris, Turku, Yokohama, Nofim (a house).<\/p>\n

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315 standardized allonym<\/h4>\n

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standardized allonym | allonyme normalis\u00e9 | al\u00f3nimo normalizado | \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f | \u6807\u51c6\u522b\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of two or more \u2192standardized toponyms<\/strong> given to a single topographic feature. Examples: Biel and Bienne; Casablanca and D\u0101r<\/p>\n

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al-Bay\u00b8d\u0101\u2019; Kaap\u00acstad and Cape Town; Matterhorn and Monte Cervino.<\/p>\n

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L\u2019un quelconque des \u2192 noms propres normalis\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n

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servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer un m\u00eame objet topographique.<\/p>\n

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Exemples : B\u00e2le et Basel; Casablanca et D\u0101r al-Bay\u00b8d\u0101\u2019; Anvers<\/p>\n

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et Antwerpen.<\/p>\n

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Cada uno de dos o m\u00e1s \u2192 top\u00f3nimos normalizados empleados<\/strong> para designar un mismo accidente topogr\u00e1fico. Ejemplos: Biel y Bienne; Casablanca y D\u0101r al-Bay\u00b8d\u0101\u2019; Kaapstad y Cape Town; Matterhorn y Monte Cervino; Vitoria y Gasteiz.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435<\/p>\n

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\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:\u2003Biel \u0438 Bienne; Casablanca \u0438 D\u0101r al-Bayd\u0101\u2019; Kaapstad \u0438 Cape Town; Matterhorn \u0438 Monte Cervino.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u00df \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0644: \u0643\u0640\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0648Biel and Bienne; Kaapstad and Cape Town; Matterhorn and Monte Cervino.<\/p>\n

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\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192standardized toponyms<\/strong>)\u3002\u5982: \u745e\u58eb\u7684Biel (\u6bd4\u5c14)\u548cBienne (\u6bd4\u5b89)\uff1b\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u7684Casablanca (\u5361\u8428\u5e03\u5170\u5361)\u548cD\u0101r al-Bayd\u00b8 \u0101\u2019 (\u8fbe\u5c14\u8d1d\u8fbe)\uff1b\u5357\u975eKaapstad (\u5361\u666e\u65af\u5854\u5fb7) \u548cCape Town (\u5f00\u666e\u987f)\uff1b\u745e\u58eb-\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684Matterhorn (\u9a6c\u7279\u5cf0) \u548cMonte Cervino (\u5207\u5c14\u7ef4\u8bfa\u5cf0\u3002<\/p>\n

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317, 340 standardized toponym<\/h4>\n

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standardized toponym | toponyme normalis\u00e9 | nombre propio normalizado | \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439) \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f | \u6807\u51c6\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> standardized name.<\/p>\n

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Nom de lieu approuv\u00e9 par une \u2192 autorit\u00e9 toponymique comme la forme privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e (entre plusieurs \u2192 allonymes) pour une entit\u00e9 topographique donn\u00e9e. Il peut arriver qu\u2019une m\u00eame entit\u00e9 topographique ait deux ou plusieurs toponymes normalis\u00e9s. Exemples \uff1a Kaapstad et Cape Town (mais pas Capetown).<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio sancionado por una \u2192 autoridad en nombres geogr\u00e1ficos como el preferido entre los \u2192 al\u00f3nimos de un accidente determinado. Sin embargo, un accidente dado puede tener m\u00e1s de un nombre normalizado. Ejemplo: Kaapstad y Cape Town (pero no Capetown).<\/p>\n

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\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u2192 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: Kaapstad \u0438 Cape Town (\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 Capetown).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062f (name, standardized).<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u540d\u673a\u6784 (\u2192 names authority) \u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u591a \u4e2a\u540d\u79f0 (\u2192 allonyms) \u6240\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u9996\u9009\u540d\u79f0. \u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730 \u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5730\u540d. \u5982: Kaapstad (\u5361\u666e \u65af\u5854\u5fb7)\u548cCape Town (\u5f00\u666e\u6566, \u4e0d\u662fCapetown).<\/p>\n

319 toponymic survey<\/h4>\n

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toponymic survey |\u00a0activit\u00e9 toponymique |\u00a0levantamiento topon\u00edmico |\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 |\u00a0\u5730\u540d\u8c03\u67e5 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The entire spectrum of activities involved in the collection, recording and processing of \u2192\u00a0toponyms<\/strong> in a specified area.<\/p>\n

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Eventail complet des modalit\u00e9s de collecte, de traitement de normalisation, de diffusion et de conservation des \u2192 toponymes <\/strong>d\u2019un territoire donn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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La totalidad de las actividades de recogida, registro y proceso de \u2192 top\u00f3nimos <\/strong>en un \u00e1rea determinada.<\/p>\n

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\u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e c\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2192\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u5730\u540d\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u53ca\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

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320 syllabary<\/h4>\n

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syllabary | syllabaire | silabario | \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439; \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0437\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 | \u97f3\u8282\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An ordered set of \u2192 syllabograms<\/strong> representing all \u2192 syllables<\/strong> of a particular language that uses \u2192 syllabic script<\/strong>. Example:<\/em> the set of syllabograms of Japanese Katakana \u2014 \u30a1, \u30ab, \u30b5, \u30bf, \u30ca, \u30cf, \u30de for a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, respectively, etc.; Inuktitut \u1431, \u1433, \u1438, \u144e, \u1450, \u1455 for pi, pu, pa, ti, tu, ta etc.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble ordonn\u00e9 de \u2192 caract\u00e8res syllabiques<\/strong> repr\u00e9sentant toutes les \u2192 syllabes<\/strong> d\u2019une langue donn\u00e9e utilisant une \u2192 \u00e9criture syllabique<\/strong>. Exemple<\/em>: l\u2019ensemble des caract\u00e8res syllabiques du katakana japonais \u30a1, \u30ab, \u30b5, \u30bf, \u30ca, \u30cf, \u30de pour transcrire a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, etc.: en inuktitut les caract\u00e8res \u1431, \u1433, \u1438, \u144e, \u1450, \u1455 transcrivant pi, pu, pa, ti, tu, ta, etc.<\/p>\n

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Conjunto ordenado de signos gr\u00e1ficos especiales o \u2192 silabogramas<\/strong> que representan todas las \u2192 s\u00edlabas<\/strong> de una lengua determinada que utilice la \u2192 escritura sil\u00e1bica<\/strong>. Ejemplo:<\/em> el conjunto de signos gr\u00e1ficos del japon\u00e9s katakana \u30a1, \u30ab, \u30b5, \u30bf, \u30ca, \u30cf, \u30de para a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, respectivamente, etc\u00e9tera; del esquimal inuktitut \u1431, \u1433, \u1438, \u144e, \u1450, \u1455 para pi, pu, pa, ti, tu, ta, etc\u00e9tera.<\/p>\n

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\u0423\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u2192 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u043c<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/em>: \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044b \u30a1, \u30ab, \u30b5, \u30bf, \u30ca, \u30cf, \u30de \u2014 \u0434\u043b\u044f a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e; Inuktitut \u1431, \u1433, \u1438, \u144e, \u1450, \u1455 \u0434\u043b\u044f pi, pu, pa, ti, tu, ta \u0438 \u0442. \u0434.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u00a0\u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0629: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u30a1, \u30ab, \u30b5, \u30bf, \u30ca, \u30cf, \u30de \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u060c \u0643\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0644\u062e., \u0648 \u00d9, >, <, \u2229<\/strong>, \u00c9, \u00cc \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0643\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0627\u060c \u062a\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u062e..<\/p>\n

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\u4f7f\u7528\u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u628a\u6240\u6709\u97f3\u8282\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684 \u8868. \u5982: \u65e5\u8bed\u5047\u540d\u8868\u4e2d \u30a1, \u30ab, \u30b5, \u30bf, \u30ca, \u30cf, \u30de \u5206\u522b\u8868 \u793aa, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma; \u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u8bed\u4e2d \u1431, \u1433, \u1438, \u144e, \u1450, \u1455 \u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a pi, pu, pa, ti, tu, ta.<\/p>\n

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321 syllabic (as a noun)<\/h4>\n

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syllabic (as a noun) | caract\u00e8re syllabique | silabograma | \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433 | (\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0645 | \u97f3\u8282 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> syllabogram. Predominantly used in the plural as syllabics.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Caract\u00e8re<\/strong> graphique repr\u00e9sentant une \u2192 syllabe<\/strong> dans une \u2192 \u00e9criture syllabique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Car\u00e1cter<\/strong> gr\u00e1fico que representa una \u2192 s\u00edlaba<\/strong> en una \u2192 escritura sil\u00e1bica<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c. syllabogram . \u0423\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 (syllabogram).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1 syllabogram. \u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u6b64\u8bcd\u7684\u590d\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f syllabics.<\/p>\n

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322 syllabic (as an adjective)<\/h4>\n

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syllabic (as an adjective) | syllabique | sil\u00e1bico | \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 | (\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a (\u0643\u0635\u0641\u0629 | \u97f3\u8282\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Consisting of or relating to \u2192 syllables<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Compos\u00e9 de \u2192 syllabes<\/strong>, ayant trait aux syllabes.<\/p>\n

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Perteneciente o relativo a la \u2192 s\u00edlaba<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0443<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u2192 syllable<\/strong> \u7ec4\u6210, \u6216\u662f syllable\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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324 syllabification<\/h4>\n

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syllabification | syllabation | silabaci\u00f3n | \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 |\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 | \u97f3\u8282\u5212\u5206 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Division of a word into \u2192 syllables<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Val-pa-ra-i-so; O-ban.<\/p>\n

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Op\u00e9ration qui consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9composer en \u2192 syllabes<\/strong> des s\u00e9quences phoniques de la cha\u00eene parl\u00e9e. Exemples: Val-pa-ra\u00ed-so, O-ban.<\/p>\n

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Divisi\u00f3n en \u2192 s\u00edlabas<\/strong>, tanto en la pronunciaci\u00f3n como en la escritura. Ejemplos: Val-pa-ra-\u00ed-so; O-ban.<\/p>\n

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\u0414\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0412\u0430\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u0430-\u0440\u0430-\u0438-\u0441\u043e; \u041e-\u0431\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: Val-pa-ra-i-so\u061b \u0648 O-ban.<\/p>\n

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\u628a\u8bcd\u62081\u300d\u5206\u4e3a\u97f3\u8282. \u5982: Val-pa-ra-i-so; O-ban.<\/p>\n

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325 syllable<\/h4>\n

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syllable | syllabe | s\u00edlaba | \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433 |\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a | \u97f3\u8282 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Unit of \u2192 speech<\/strong> including (or consisting of) a single \u2192 vowel<\/strong> sound or vowel function, or a \u2192 diphthong<\/strong> or a triphthong<\/strong>; the first division of a word.<\/p>\n

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Examples: Ge-no-va in Genova; Hei-del-berg in Hei\u00addel\u00adberg; Br-no in Brno.<\/p>\n

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Unit\u00e9 fondamentale de la \u2192 parole<\/strong>, compos\u00e9e de plusieurs \u2192 phon\u00e8mes<\/strong> dont un seul vocalique. Exemples: Br-no dans Brno (\/r\/ voyelle); Hei-del-berg dans Heidelberg.<\/p>\n

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Unidad del \u2192 habla<\/strong> que incluye (o consta de) un solo sonido \u2192 vocal<\/strong> o funci\u00f3n vocal, un \u2192 diptongo<\/strong> o un triptongo<\/strong>; la primera divisi\u00f3n de una palabra. Ejemplos: G\u00e9-no-va en G\u00e9nova; Hei-del-berg en Heidelberg; Br-no en Brno.<\/p>\n

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\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u2192 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433<\/strong>; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0416\u0435-\u043d\u0435-\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435; \u0425\u0430\u0439-\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433 \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u2190 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641) \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u2190 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0635\u0640\u0627\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0640\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0640\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>\u061b \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0640\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 Ge-no-va \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 Genova\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 Hei-del-berg \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 Heidelberg\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0646 Br-no \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0629 Brno.<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u5355\u5143\u97f3 (\u2192 vowel<\/strong>) (\u6216\u5177\u6709\u5143\u97f3\u529f\u80fd\u7684), \u6216\u7531\u4e8c \u5408\u5143\u97f3 (\u2192 diphthong<\/strong>) \u6216\u4e09\u5408\u5143\u97f3\u6784\u6210\u7684\u8a00\u8bed\u5355 \u4f4d. \u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5212\u5206\u97f3\u8282. \u5982: Genova\u5212\u5206\u4e3a Ge-no-va; Heidelberg\u5212\u5206\u4e3a Hei-del-berg; Brno \u5212\u5206\u4e3a Br-no.<\/p>\n

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326 syllabogram<\/h4>\n

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syllabogram | caract\u00e8re syllabique | silabograma | \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 | \u97f3\u8282\u5b57\u7b26 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Graphic \u2192 character<\/strong> representing a \u2192 syllable<\/strong> in \u2192 syllabic script<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Caract\u00e8re<\/strong> graphique repr\u00e9sentant une \u2192 syllabe<\/strong> dans une \u2192 \u00e9criture syllabique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Car\u00e1cter<\/strong> gr\u00e1fico que representa una \u2192 s\u00edlaba<\/strong> en una \u2192 escritura sil\u00e1bica<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/strong>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433<\/strong> \u0432 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 syllabic script<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u8282 (\u2192 syllable<\/strong>) \u7684\u5b57\u7b26 (\u2192 character<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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327 synonym<\/h4>\n

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synonym | synonyme | sin\u00f3nimo | \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641) | \u540c\u4e49\u8bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Each of two or more words that have approximately the same meaning.<\/p>\n

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Se dit de deux ou plusieurs mots ayant un sens analogue, ou tr\u00e8s voisin.<\/p>\n

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Cada una de dos o m\u00e1s palabras que tienen la misma o muy parecida significaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631) \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 (\u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0627) \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bcd.<\/p>\n

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328 syntax<\/h4>\n

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syntax | syntaxe | sintaxis | \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441 |\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 | \u53e5\u6cd5\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The part of \u2192 linguistics<\/strong> that deals with the mutual relations between, and correct arrangement of, words in a sentence.<\/p>\n

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Partie de la \u2192 linguistique<\/strong> d\u00e9crivant les r\u00e8gles par lesquelles les unit\u00e9s significatives se combinent en phrases.<\/p>\n

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Parte de la \u2192 gram\u00e1tica<\/strong> que ense\u00f1a a coordinar las palabras para formar las oraciones y expresar conceptos.<\/p>\n

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\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u2192 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong>, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n

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\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66 (\u2192 linguistics<\/strong>) \u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206, \u7814\u7a76\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u8bcd\u4e0e \u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8bcd\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6392\u5217.<\/p>\n

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331 tetragraph<\/h4>\n

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tetragraph | t\u00e9tragramme | tetr\u00e1grafo | \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 |\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a | \u5355\u97f3\u56db\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Four \u2192 letters<\/strong> employed together in a partic\u00adu\u00adlar order to represent a single \u2192 phonological<\/strong> or graphical element in a specific language. Examples: German tsch for the \/t\u00f2\/ \u2192 phoneme<\/strong> as in Tschad, the German transcription of Chad; English shch for Russian \u0449.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de quatre \u2192 lettres<\/strong> ou caract\u00e8res employ\u00e9 pour repr\u00e9senter un \u00e9l\u00e9ment \u2192 phonologique<\/strong> unique d’une langue. Exemple: l’allemand \u00ab tsch \u00bb pour repr\u00e9senter le \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong> \/1\/ dans Tscheche, \u00ab tch\u00e8que \u00bb; l’anglais \u00ab shch \u00bb pour la russe \u0449.<\/p>\n

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Cuatro \u2192 letras<\/strong> empleadas conjuntamente en un orden particular para representar un \u00fanico elemento \u2192 fonol\u00f3gico<\/strong> o gr\u00e1fico en una lengua determinada. Ejemplos: el alem\u00e1n tsch para el \u2192 fonema<\/strong> \/tj\/ como en Tschad, la transcripci\u00f3n alemana de Chad; el ingl\u00e9s shch para el ruso \u0449.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u2192 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432<\/strong>, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c tsch \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/strong> \/tj\/\u0432 Tschad \u2192 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0427\u0430\u0434; \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c shch \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u2190 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong> (\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong>) \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: tsch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \/t\u00f2\/ \u0641\u064a Tschad \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0648shch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0449 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192 letter<\/strong>) \u6309\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u5728\u4e00\u8d77, \u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u67d0 \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u97f3 (\u2192 phonological<\/strong>) \u6216\u4e66\u5199\u5355\u5143. \u5982: \u4e4d\u5f97\u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\u8bd1\u540dTschad\u4e2d\u7684tsch\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 \u793a\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme<\/strong>) \u516bJ\/; \u4fc4\u8bed\u0449\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8f6c\u5199\u4e3a shch.<\/p>\n

thalassonym<\/h4>\n

Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

A subset of \u2192 macrotoponym<\/strong>: the name of an ocean or large sea.<\/p>\n

Examples: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, North Sea, Bay of Bengal.<\/p>\n

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333 topographic category<\/h4>\n

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topographic category | classe d\u2019entit\u00e9s | clase de accidente | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u5206\u7c7b |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> feature class.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments topographiques qui pr\u00e9sentent des traits physiques similaires, facilitant la classification, la recherche et le rep\u00e9rage. Exemples : rivi\u00e8re, ruisseau; fleuve; oued; torrent; class\u00e9s comme \u00ab cours d\u2019eau \u00bb.<\/p>\n

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Agrupamiento de elementos topogr\u00e1ficos con caracter\u00edsticas similares, para facilitar su clasificaci\u00f3n, b\u00fasqueda y recuperaci\u00f3 Ejemplo: r\u00edo, afluente, arroyo, torrente, etc\u00e9tera, clasificados todos ellos como \u2019corriente\u2019.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442. \u0434., \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 (feature class).<\/p>\n

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\u628a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\u5f52\u7eb3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77, \u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5206\u7c7b \u548c\u68c0\u7d22. \u5982: \u6cb3\u3001\u6c9f\u3001\u6eaa\u7b49, \u90fd\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8e\u6cb3\u6d41.<\/p>\n

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337 topography<\/h4>\n

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topography | topographie | topograf\u00eda | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 | \u5730\u5f62\uff1b\u5730\u5fd7 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The surface configuration of Earth or of another planet or a satellite, or of a portion thereof, including the planimetric and altimetric aspects, i.e. the situation in the map plane and the relief.<\/p>\n

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(b) Description and graphic representation of the above.<\/p>\n

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a) Configuration de la surface d\u2019une portion d\u00e9termin\u00e9e de la Terre ou de toute autre plan\u00e8te comprenant les relev\u00e9s altim\u00e9triques et planim\u00e9triques, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la situation en aires planes et le relief;<\/p>\n

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b) Technique ayant pour objet la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de cette configuration.<\/p>\n

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1. Configuraci\u00f3n de la superficie de la Tierra o de un planeta o un sat\u00e9lite, o de una parte de los mismos, incluidos sus aspectos planim\u00e9trico y altim\u00e9trico; es decir, la situaci\u00f3n en el plano y el relieve.<\/p>\n

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2. Descripci\u00f3n y representaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica de lo anterior.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0444.<\/p>\n

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b) \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u5730\u7403\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u884c\u661f\u6216\u536b\u661f\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5f62 \u72b6, \u5305\u62ec\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u548c\u7acb\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u72b6, \u5373\u5730\u56fe\u5e73\u9762\u548c\u5730\u52bf\u8d77 \u4f0f\u7684\u72b6\u51b5.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u4e0a\u8ff0\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u63cf\u8ff0.<\/p>\n

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338 toponomastics<\/h4>\n

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toponomastics | toponymie | toponominaci\u00f3n | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u540d\u5b66 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The science that has as its object the study of \u2192 toponyms<\/strong>. Also known as \u2192 toponymy<\/strong> (a).<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The activity or process of conferring \u2192 toponyms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) Science qui a pour objet l’\u00e9tude des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et des noms g\u00e9ographiques en particulier;\u00a0b) Activit\u00e9 ou proc\u00e9dure d’attribution de noms de lieux. (Le terme toponomastique, synonyme de toponymie, n’est plus usit\u00e9.)<\/p>\n

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Actividad o proceso de asignar \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0414\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u7814\u7a76\u5730\u540d (\u2192 toponym<\/strong>) \u547d\u540d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u8fc7\u7a0b.<\/p>\n

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339 toponym<\/h4>\n

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toponym | toponyme | top\u00f3nimo | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a | \u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Proper noun applied to a \u2192 topographic feature<\/strong>. Comprehensive term for \u2192 geographical names<\/strong> and \u2192 extraterrestrial names<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Nom propre attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u2192 accident topographique<\/strong>. Terme qui, au sens large, inclut \u2192 nom g\u00e9ographique<\/strong> et \u2192 nom extraterrestre<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Nombre propio con que se designa un \u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>. Se conoce tambi\u00e9n como nombre geogr\u00e1fico. Sirve para designar tanto los \u2192 nombres geogr\u00e1ficos<\/strong> como los \u2192 nombres propios extraterrestres<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong>. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u2192\u00a0 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2190 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong>\u061b \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53 (\u2192 topographic feature<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u79f0. \u662f\u5730 \u7403\u5730\u540d (\u2192 geographical names<\/strong>) \u548c\u5730\u7403\u5916\u661f\u4f53\u5730\u540d (\u2192 extraterrestrial names<\/strong>) \u7684\u603b\u79f0.<\/p>\n

A340, A356 underground toponym<\/h4>\n

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toponym, underground | toponyme souterrain | top\u00f3nimo subterr\u00e1neo | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 | \u5730\u4e0b\u5730\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponym applied to a\u00a0\u2192 topographic\u00a0feature below the surface of the<\/p>\n

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earth. Examples: metro line x, underground storage facility, level-10 mine tunnel.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Toponyme servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer une \u2192 entit\u00e9 topographique souterraine. Exemples: ligne de m\u00e9tro X; entrep\u00f4t souterrain; galerie de mine.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Top\u00f3nimo que designa un\u00a0\u2192 accidente topogr\u00e1fico situado bajo la superficie de la tierra. Ejemplos: l\u00ednea x del metro; instalaci\u00f3n subterr\u00e1nea de almacenamiento; galer\u00eda del nivel 10 de una mina.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u2192\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443,\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e X; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435; \u0448\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044f 10-\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u8868\u4e0b\u5730\u5f62\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u2192geographical feature\uff09\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\uff1ax\u53f7\u5730\u94c1\u7ebf\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u50a8\u85cf\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u7b2c10\u5c42\u77ff\u4e95\u5751\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n

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341 variant toponym<\/h4>\n

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variant toponym | | | \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 |\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> allonym.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> allonyme.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> al\u00f3nimo.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 (allonym).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u522b\u540d<\/p>\n

A343 toponymization<\/h4>\n

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toponymization | toponymisation | toponimizaci\u00f3n | \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f | \u5730\u540d\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

The act of producing a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> (i.e. a proper noun) from a common noun, a proper noun other than a toponym or any other part of speech.<\/p>\n

Examples: producing the toponym Bath (England), place of Roman baths, Vilhelmina (Sweden, a town) from a personal name; Iraq from \u2018Iraq (Arabic, waterside of a sea or of a large river). Toponymization generates the opposite to an \u2192 epotoponym<\/strong> such as geysir or meander.<\/p>\n

Definition of 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The act of producing a \u2192 toponym<\/strong> (i.e. a proper noun) from a common noun, a proper noun other than a toponym or any other part of speech. Examples: producing the toponym Bath (England), place of Roman baths, Vilhemina (Sweden, a town) from a personal name, Ira… etc.<\/p>\n

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Definition of 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The act of producing a \u2192 toponym (i.e., a\u00a0proper noun) from a common noun or other part of speech. Examples: producing the toponym Bath (England), place of Roman baths; Iraq from ‘Iraq (Arabic, waterside of a sea or of a large river). Toponymization generates the opposite to an \u2192 epotoponym such as geysir or meander.<\/p>\n

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Le fait de d\u00e9river un \u2192 toponyme (c’est-\u00e0-dire un nom propre) d’un nom commun. Exemples:<\/p>\n

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le nom de la ville de Bath (Angleterre) est d\u00e9riv\u00e9 des bains ( \u00ab baths \u00bb) romains qui s’y\u00a0 trouvaient; celui d’ Aigues-Mortes vient des \u00e9tangs et marais(\u00ab aquae mortae \u00bb,eaux<\/p>\n

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mortes) sur lesquels la ville fut construite; l’lraq doit son nom au mot arabe qui d\u00e9signe le<\/p>\n

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front de mer ou la rive d’un fleuve. La toponymisation est une d\u00e9rivation inverse de celle qui produit un\u00a0\u2192 \u00e9potoponyme comme \u00ab m\u00e9andre \u00bb (du fleuve M\u00e9andre en Asie mineure) ou comme\u00ab saxe\u00bb (objet en porcelaine de Saxe).<\/p>\n

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El acto de crear un \u2192 top\u00f3nimo (es decir, un nombre propio)\u00a0a partir de un nombre com\u00fan u otro elemento del lenguaje. Ejemplos: creaci\u00f3n del top\u00f3nimo Bath (Inglaterra) a partir de<\/p>\n

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los ba\u00f1os (en ingl\u00e9s, bath) romanos; de Iraq a partir de \u2018Ir\u0101q (en \u00e1rabe, la ribera del mar o de un gran r\u00edo). La toponimizaci\u00f3n genera lo contrario de un \u2192 epotop\u00f3nimo,\u00a0del que son ejemplos g\u00e9iser y meandro.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 (\u0442. \u0435. \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 Bath \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u044c; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2018Ir\u0101q<\/p>\n

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(\u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438\u00bb). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2192 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u0435\u0439\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440.<\/p>\n

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\u4ece\u901a\u7528\u540d\u79f0\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8bcd\u7c7b\u751f\u6210\u5730\u540d\uff08\u2192toponym\uff09\uff08\u5373\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\uff09\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u5730\u540dBath\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u5df4\u65af\uff09\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u6d74\u573a\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff1bIraq\uff08\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff09\u6e90\u4e8e\u2018Ir\u0101q\uff08\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\uff0c\u5927\u6d77\u6216\u5927\u6cb3\u4e4b\u6ee8\uff09\u3002\u5730\u540d\u5316\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u540c\u6e90\u81ea\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u5730\u540d\uff08\u2192epotoponym\uff09\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982geysir\uff08\u95f4\u6b47\u55b7\u6cc9\uff09\u6216meander\uff08\u6cb3\u66f2\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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344 toponymy<\/h4>\n

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toponymy | toponymie | toponimia | a) \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; b) \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u540d\u5b66\uff1b\u5730\u540d |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The science that has as its object the study of \u2192 toponyms<\/strong> in general and of \u2192 geographical names<\/strong> in particular.<\/p>\n

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(b) The totality of \u2192 toponyms<\/strong> in a given region.<\/p>\n

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a) Science qui a pour objet l\u2019\u00e9tude des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et des \u2192 noms g\u00e9ographiques<\/strong> en particulier;<\/p>\n

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b) Ensemble des \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> d\u2019un territoire donn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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1. Ciencia que estudia los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> en general y los \u2192 nombres geogr\u00e1ficos<\/strong> en particular.<\/p>\n

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2. La totalidad de los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong> de una regi\u00f3n dada.<\/p>\n

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a) \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b<\/strong> \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u2192 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0421\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u4ee5\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5730\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u79d1\u5b66.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u4e00\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5730\u540d\u7684\u603b\u4f53.<\/p>\n

346 transcription<\/h4>\n

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transcription | transcription | transcripci\u00f3n | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f | (\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a (\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 |\u97f3\u8bd1 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) A method of phonetic names \u2192 conversion<\/strong> between different languages, in which the sounds of a \u2192 source language<\/strong> are recorded in terms of a specific \u2192 target language<\/strong> and its particular \u2192 script<\/strong>, normally without recourse to additional \u2192 diacritics<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(b) A result of this process.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Turkish Ankara \u2192 Greek A\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1; Russian \u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u2192 English Shchukino; Arabic \ufe9f<\/span>\ufe91\ufee0\ufef4\ufe94 \u2192 French Djabaliya.<\/p>\n

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Transcription is not normally a reversible process. \u2192 Retranscription<\/strong> (e.g. by computer) might result in a form differing from the original, for example in the above cases in Turkish Agkara, Russian \u0428\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e, Arabic \ufeaa<\/span>\ufe9f\ufe91\ufedf\ufef4\ufe94.<\/p>\n

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However, Pinyin romanization of Chinese, although being a conversion between scripts, but being phonetic and non-reversible, is also regarded as transcription and not as \u2192 transliteration<\/strong>. See also \u2192 transcription key<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) M\u00e9thode de \u2192 conversion<\/strong> graphique des noms de lieux, consistant \u00e0 noter les sons d\u2019une \u2192 langue de d\u00e9part<\/strong> au moyen d\u2019un \u2192 syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture<\/strong> particulier, habituellement sans \u2192 signes diacritiques<\/strong> suppl\u00e9mentaires;<\/p>\n

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b) R\u00e9sultat de cette op\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> turc Ankara \u2192 grec \u0391\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1; russe \u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u2192 fran\u00e7ais Chtchoukino; arabe \ufe9f<\/span>\ufe91\ufee0\ufef4\ufe94 \u2192 fran\u00e7ais Djabaliya.<\/p>\n

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Normalement, la transcription n\u2019est pas r\u00e9versible, car la \u2192 retranscription<\/strong> (informatis\u00e9e, par exemple) risque d\u2019aboutir \u00e0 une forme diff\u00e9rente de l\u2019original (dans les cas cit\u00e9s, on pourrait obtenir Agkara, \u0428\u0442\u0448\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e et \ufeaa<\/span>\ufe9f\ufe91\ufedf\ufef4\ufe94.<\/p>\n

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Toutefois, la \u2192 romanisation<\/strong> pinyin du chinois, bien que processus de conversion entre \u2192 \u00e9critures<\/strong>, est \u00e9galement phon\u00e9tique et irr\u00e9versible, de sorte qu\u2019elle est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme transcription et non comme \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration. Voir \u00e9galement<\/strong> \u2192 table de transcription<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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1. M\u00e9todo de \u2192 conversi\u00f3n<\/strong> fon\u00e9tica de nombres entre lenguas diferentes, en el que los sonidos de una \u2192 lengua de origen<\/strong> se transforman en los de una \u2192 lengua de t\u00e9rmino<\/strong> espec\u00edfica y se representan en su \u2192 escritura<\/strong> particular en funci\u00f3n de sus caracter\u00edsticas, sin recurrir normalmente a \u2192 diacr\u00edticos <\/strong>adicionales.<\/p>\n

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2. El resultado de este proceso.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos: del turco Ankara \u2192 el griego Ayicapa; del ruso \u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u2192 el ingl\u00e9s Shchukino; del \u00e1rabe \ufe9f<\/span>\ufe91\ufee0\ufef4\ufe94 \u2192 el franc\u00e9s Djabaliya.<\/p>\n

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Normalmente la transcripci\u00f3n no es un proceso reversible. La \u2192 retranscripci\u00f3n<\/strong> (por ejemplo, por ordenador) puede producir una forma diferente de la original; as\u00ed, en el caso anterior se volver\u00eda al turco Agkara, al ruso \u0428\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e y al \u00e1rabe \ufeaa<\/span>\ufe9f\ufe91\ufedf\ufef4\ufe94 respectivamente.<\/p>\n

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Sin embargo, la romanizaci\u00f3n pinyin del chino, aunque es una conversi\u00f3n entre escrituras, fon\u00e9tica y no reversible, se considera transcripci\u00f3n y no \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong>. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 clave de transcripci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong>, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 Ankara \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0391\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\uff1b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2014 Shchukino; \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \ufe9f<\/span>\ufe91\ufee0\ufef4\ufe94 \u2014 \u043f\u043e-\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438 Djabaliya.<\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u2192 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f: Agkara (\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435); \u0428\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435); Arabic \ufeaa<\/span>\ufe9f\ufe91\ufedf\ufef4\ufe94 (\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435).<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0438\u043d\u044c, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439<\/strong>. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u2190 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong> \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/strong> \u0628\u0640 \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>) \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: Ankara \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 A\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Shchukino \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Djabaliya \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a<\/strong> (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c Agkara \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0428\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0640\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0640\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0640\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0640\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u2190 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u95f4\u7684\u5730\u540d\u4f9d\u636e\u8bed\u97f3\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 conversion<\/strong>) \u7684 \u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5. \u5373\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\u8bed (\u2192 target language<\/strong>) \u7684\u6587 \u5b57 (\u2192 script<\/strong>) (\u2014\u822c\u4e0d\u7528\u9644\u52a0\u7684\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192 diacritics<\/strong>) ) \u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u539f\u8bed\u5730\u540d (\u2192 source language<\/strong>) \u7684\u8bed\u97f3.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u6807\u8bb0\u539f\u8bed\u5730\u540d\u8bed\u97f3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c.<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684 Ankara \u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u4e3a \u0391\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1; \u4fc4\u8bed\u7684 \u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e, \u82f1\u6587\u4e3a Shchukino; \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684 \ufe9f<\/span>\ufe91\ufee0\ufef4\ufe94, \u6cd5\u6587\u4e3a Djabaliya.<\/p>\n

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\u97f3\u8bd1\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u80fd\u6062\u590d\u6210\u539f\u6587. \u5982\u91c7\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u9006\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 retranscription<\/strong>) , \u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u539f\u6587\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5199 \u6cd5. \u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u7684Ankara\u8d1dlj\u53d8\u6210\u4e86 Agkara; \u4fc4\u8bed\u7684 \u0429\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u8d1d1J\u53d8\u6210\u4e86 \u0428\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e; \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7684 \ufe9f<\/span>\ufe91\ufee0\ufef4\ufe94 \u5219\u53d8\u6210\u4e86 \ufeaa<\/span>\ufe9f\ufe91\ufedf\ufef4\ufe94.<\/p>\n

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\u7136\u800c, \u6c49\u8bed\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e00\u62fc\u97f3\u867d\u7136\u662f\u6587\u5b57\u95f4\u7684\u8bd1\u5199, \u4f46 \u5176\u5730\u540d\u7684\u8bd1\u5199\u662f\u8868\u97f3\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8bd1\u5199\u7684, \u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 transcription<\/strong>) , \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration<\/strong>). \u53c2 \u89c1 \u2192 transcription key<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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347 transcription alphabet<\/h4>\n

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transcription alphabet | alphabet de transcription | alfabeto de transcripci\u00f3n | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 | \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a | \u6807\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An \u2192 alphabet that is employed in the process of \u2192 transcription. Examples: using only z, not c, to represent the dental \/ts\/ \u2192 phoneme in transcription into German; or only k, not c, for transcribing the velar \/k\/ phoneme into English.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alphabet employ\u00e9 dans un syst\u00e8me de \u2192 transcription. Exemples : utilisation du k uniquement (et pas du c) pour la transcription du phon\u00e8me \/k\/ v\u00e9laire en fran\u00e7ais.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alfabeto que se usa en el proceso de \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n. Ejemplos: utilizar s\u00f3lo la z, y no la c, para representar el \u2192 fonema dental \/ts\/ en la transcripci\u00f3n al alem\u00e1n; o s\u00f3lo la k, y no la c, para transcribir el fonema velar \/k\/ al ingl\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e z, \u043d\u0435 \u0441, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u0443\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b \/ts\/ \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a, \u043d\u0435 \u0441, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0451\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b \/\u043a\/ \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0640\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0640\u0631\u0641 z \u0641\u0642\u0640\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0641 c\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \/ts\/ \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0641 k \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0641 c\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \/k\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e8e\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192 transcription) \u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet). \u5982: \u5fb7\u8bed\u97f3\u8bd1\u65f6, \u53ea\u7528z\u8868\u793a\u9f7f\u97f3\/ts\/\u97f3\u4f4d, \u800c\u4e0d\u7528c; \u82f1 \u8bed\u97f3\u8bd1\u65f6,\u53ea\u7528\u043a\u8868\u793a\u8f6f\u816d\u97f3\/ k \/\u97f3\u4f4d, \u800c\u4e0d\u7528c.<\/p>\n

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348 transcription key<\/h4>\n

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transcription key | table (ou tableau) de transcription | clave de transcripci\u00f3n | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 |\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a | \u97f3\u8bd1\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Table listing the characters of a particular \u2192 source language<\/strong> with the corresponding characters of a specific \u2192 target language<\/strong>. Examples: English sh for Hungarian s; German sch for Dutch sj; but also Roman bei for Chinese \u8d1d\u5317\u9642\u5351\u80cc\u500d\u7891. See also \u2192 transcription<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Tableau donnant les caract\u00e8res d\u2019une \u2192 langue de d\u00e9part<\/strong> avec les \u2192 caract\u00e8res<\/strong> correspondants d\u2019une \u2192 langue d\u2019arriv\u00e9e<\/strong>. Exemples \uff1a fran\u00e7ais \u00ab ch \u00bb pour le hongrois \u00ab s \u00bb; anglais \u00ab sh \u00bb pour le hollandais \u00ab sj \u00bb; lettres latines bei pour le chinois \u8d1d\u5317\u9642\u5351\u80cc\u500d\u7891. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 transcription.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Cuadro que muestra los caracteres de una \u2192 lengua de origen<\/strong> determinada junto con los caracteres correspondientes de una \u2192 lengua de t\u00e9rmino<\/strong>. Ejemplos: el ingl\u00e9s sh para el h\u00fangaro s; el alem\u00e1n sch para el holand\u00e9s sj; as\u00ed como el romano bei para el chino\u8d1dd\u5315\u9642\u5351\u80cc\u500d\u00ed\u5351. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong> \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c sh \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e s; \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c sch \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e sj; \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 hei \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u8d1d\u5317\u9642\u5351\u80cc\u500d\u7891. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: sh \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 s \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0647\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629\u061b \u0648sch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 sj \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 bei \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u8d1d\u5317\u9642\u5351\u80cc\u500d\u7891. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b: \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u539f\u8bed (\u2192 source language<\/strong>) \u5b57\u7b26\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u8bed (\u2192 target language<\/strong>) \u5b57\u7b26\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u8868. \u5982: \u5308\u7259\u5229\u6587\u7684s,\u82f1\u6587\u4e3a sh; \u8377\u5170\u6587\u7684sj,\u5fb7\u6587\u4e3a sch; \u6c49\u5b57\u8d1d\u3001\u5317\u3001\u9642\u3001\u5351\u3001 \u80cc\u3001\u500d\u3001\u7891\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd bei. \u53c2\u89c1346 \u2192 transcription<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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350 translation<\/h4>\n

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translation | traduction | traducci\u00f3n | \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 | \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 | \u610f\u8bd1 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) The process of expressing meaning, presented in a \u2192 source language<\/strong>, in the words of a \u2192 target language<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(b) A result of this process. In toponymy it is sometimes applied only to the \u2192 generic element<\/strong> of a name.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Mer Noire (French for Russian \u010cornoje More); Casablanca (Spanish for Arabic D\u0101r al-Bay\u00b8d\u0101\u2019); Lake Como (English for Italian Lago di Como); Mount Fuji (English for Japanese Fuji San).<\/p>\n

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a) Op\u00e9ration consistant \u00e0 \u00e9noncer dans une \u2192 langue d\u2019arriv\u00e9e<\/strong> un message exprim\u00e9 dans une \u2192 langue source<\/strong>, en tenant compte \u00e0 la fois de la signification du message et de son style;<\/p>\n

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b) R\u00e9sultat de cette op\u00e9ration. En toponymie le terme ne vise parfois que \u0393\u2192 \u00e9l\u00e9ment g\u00e9n\u00e9rique<\/strong> d\u2019un nom.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> mer Noire (fran\u00e7ais, pour le russe \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 Mope); Casablanca (espagnol pour l\u2019arabe D\u00e3r al-Bayd\u00e3\u2019); lac Como (fran\u00e7ais pour l\u2019italien Lago di Como); le mont Fuji (fran\u00e7ais pour le japonais Fuji San).<\/p>\n

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1. Acci\u00f3n de expresar con palabras de una \u2192 lengua de t\u00e9rmino<\/strong> lo que est\u00e1 escrito o se ha expresado antes en otra lengua, la \u2192 lengua de origen<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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2. El resultado de este proceso. En toponimia se aplica a veces s\u00f3lo al \u2192 elemento gen\u00e9rico<\/strong> de un nombre.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> Mer Noire (versi\u00f3n francesa del ruso Cornoje More); Casablanca (versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del \u00e1rabe D\u00e3r al-Bayd\u00e3\u2019); Lake Como (versi\u00f3n inglesa del italiano Lago di Como); Mount Fuji (versi\u00f3n inglesa del japon\u00e9s Fuji San).<\/p>\n

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a) \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong> \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2192 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a \u2192 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: Mer Noire (\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446.) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a.); Lake Como (\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b.) \u0434\u043b\u044f Lago di Como (\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b.); Mount Fuji (\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b.) \u0434\u043b\u044f Fuji San (\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d.).<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/strong> \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2190\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0637. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 Mer Noire \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 Black Sea \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648Casablanca (\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648Lake Como \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 Lago di Como \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648Mount Fuji \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 Fuji San \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(a) \u7528\u76ee\u7684\u8bed (\u2192 target language<\/strong>) \u7684\u8bed\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u8ff0\u539f\u8bed (\u2192 source language<\/strong>) \u8bcd\u4e49\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u610f\u8bd1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c. \u5728\u5730\u540d\u4e2d, \u610f\u8bd1\u6709\u65f6\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u540d\u7684\u901a\u540d\u90e8 \u5206 (\u2192 generic element<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: Mer Noire (\u9ed1\u6d77, \u662f\u4fc4\u8bed\u5730 \u540dCornoje More\u7684\u6cd5\u6587\u8bd1\u5199) ; Casablanca (\u5361\u8428\u5e03\u5170\u5361, \u662f\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u5730\u540dD\u00e2r al-Bayc | \u00e2\u2019\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\u8bd1\u5199); Lake Como (\u79d1\u83ab\u6e56,\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u5730\u540dLago di Como\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1 \u5199); Mount Fuji<\/p>\n

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352 transliteration<\/h4>\n

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transliteration | translitt\u00e9ration | transliteraci\u00f3n | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f | (\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a | \u8f6c\u5199 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) A method of \u2192 names conversion<\/strong> between different \u2192 alphabetic scripts<\/strong> and \u2192 syllabic scripts<\/strong>, in which each \u2192 character<\/strong> or \u2192 di-, tri- and tetragraph<\/strong> of the \u2192 source script<\/strong> is represented in the \u2192 target script<\/strong> in principle by one character or di-, tri- or tetragraph, or a \u2192 diacritic,<\/strong> or a combination of these. Transliteration, as distinct from \u2192 transcription,<\/strong> aims at (but does not necessarily achieve) complete \u2192 reversibility,<\/strong> and must be accompanied by a \u2192 transliteration key<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(b) A result of this process.<\/p>\n

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Examples<\/em> (with English \u2192 exonyms<\/strong> in parentheses): \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2192al-Q\u0101hirah (Cairo); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u2192Vladivostok; \u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 \u2192 Hefa (Haifa); \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u2192 Adis Abeba (Addis Ababa)<\/p>\n

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a) Op\u00e9ration consistant \u00e0 faire correspondre aux symboles graphiques, entre \u2192 \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique<\/strong> et \u2192 \u00e9criture syllabique<\/strong> (l\u2019\u00e9criture logographique n\u00e9cessite une transcription et non une translitt\u00e9ration; il n\u2019y a pas de possibilit\u00e9s de r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9), les symboles d\u2019un autre syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9criture, de mani\u00e8re qu\u2019\u00e0 chaque \u2192 caract\u00e8re<\/strong> ou \u2192 digramme<\/strong> \u2192 trigramme<\/strong> et \u2192 t\u00e9tragramme<\/strong> de la \u2192 langue de d\u00e9part<\/strong> corresponde un \u2192 caract\u00e8re<\/strong> ou \u2192 digramme<\/strong> \u2192 trigramme<\/strong> et \u2192 t\u00e9tragramme<\/strong> de la \u2192 langue d\u2019arriv\u00e9e<\/strong>, avec ou sans \u2192 signes diacritiques<\/strong>. Contrairement \u00e0 la \u2192 transcription<\/strong>, la translitt\u00e9ration a pour but une \u2192 r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 compl\u00e8te<\/strong> (sans toujours y parvenir), \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une \u2192 table de translitt\u00e9ration<\/strong>;<\/p>\n

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b) R\u00e9sultat de cette op\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n

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Exemples<\/em> (avec le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant \u2192 exonyme<\/strong> fran\u00e7ais entre parenth\u00e8ses)\uff1aAl Jaz\u00e2\u2019ir (Alger); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, Vladivostok; Aefjva, Ath\u00edna (Ath\u00e8nes); \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263, Addis-Abeba; \u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4, Hefa (Ha\u00effa).<\/p>\n

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1. M\u00e9todo de \u2192 conversi\u00f3n<\/strong> de nombres entre diferentes \u2192 escrituras alfab\u00e9ticas y sil\u00e1bicas<\/strong>, en el que cada \u2192 car\u00e1cter<\/strong> o \u2192 di-, tri- y tetr\u00e1grafo<\/strong> de la \u2192 escritura de origen<\/strong> se representa, en principio, en la \u2192 escritura de t\u00e9rmino<\/strong> por un car\u00e1cter o di, tri o tetr\u00e1grafo, o un \u2192 diacr\u00edtico<\/strong>, o una combinaci\u00f3n de \u00e9stos. La transliteraci\u00f3n, a diferencia de la \u2192 transcripci\u00f3n<\/strong>, pretende (aunque no lo consiga necesariamente) la \u2192 reversibilidad<\/strong> completa y debe ir acompa\u00f1ada de una \u2192 clave de transliteraci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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2. Secuencia gr\u00e1fica resultante de este proceso.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> (con los \u2192 ex\u00f3nimos espa\u00f1oles entre par\u00e9ntesis) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2192 al-Q\u0101hirah (Cairo); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u2192 Vladivostok; \u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 \u2192 Hefa (Haifa); \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u2192 Adis Abeba (Adis Ababa).<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u2192 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438<\/strong> \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/strong> \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0443<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443<\/strong> \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong> \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444, \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong>, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f (\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/strong> \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u043c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/em>: [\u0432 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u2192 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435] \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2192 al-Q\u0101hirah (Cairo); \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u2192 Vladivostok; \u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 Hefa (Haifa); \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 Adis Abeba (Addis Ababa).<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u2190\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0640\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong> \u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644 \u2190 \u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong> \u0628\u0640\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0640 \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0640\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0637 \u0645\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0633\u0640\u0628\u0642. \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 (\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0640\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640 \u2190 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646): \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2190 al-Q\u0101hirah (Cairo)\u061b \u0648 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u2190 Vladivostok\u061b \u0648 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05d7 \u2190 Hefa (Haifa)\u061b \u0648 \u00a0\u2190 Adis Abe<\/u>ba (Addis Ababa).<\/p>\n

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(a) \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0alphabetic scripts<\/strong>) \u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0syllabic scripts<\/strong>) \u4e4b\u95f4\u5730\u540d\u8bd1\u5199 (\u2192\u00a0names conversion<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0target script<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd (\u2192\u00a0character<\/strong>)\u3001\u5355\u97f3\u7684\u53cc\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u4e09\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u56db\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u6216\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192\u00a0diacritic<\/strong>)\u3001\u6216\u7efc\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0<\/p>\n

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\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8868\u793a\u539f\u8bed\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0source script<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u5355\u97f3\u7684\u53cc\u5b57\u6bcd\u3001\u4e09\u5b57\u6bcd\u6216\u56db\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002\u8f6c\u5199\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u97f3\u8bd1 (\u2192\u00a0transcription<\/strong>)\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u95f4\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u6027(\u2192\u00a0reversibility<\/strong>)\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8f6c\u5199\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6c\u5199\u8868\u00a0\u00a0 (\u2192\u00a0transliteration key<\/strong>)\u3002<\/p>\n

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(b) \u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u5199\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5982\uff1a(\u5916\u6765\u8bed (\u2192\u00a0exonyms<\/strong>)\u82f1\u8bed\u7528\u540d\u7528\u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u6ce8), \ufe93\ufead\ufeeb\ufe8e\ufed7\ufedf\ufe8d \u8f6c\u5199\u4e3aal-Q\u0101hirah (Cairo, \u5f00\u7f57)\uff1b\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u8f6c\u5199\u4e3a Vladivostok (\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b,\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34)\uff1b\u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05d7 \u8f6c\u5199\u4e3aH<\/u>efa (Haifa, \u6d77\u6cd5)\uff1b \u8f6c\u5199\u4e3aAdis Abe<\/u>ba (Addis Ababa)\u3002<\/p>\n

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353 transliteration alphabet<\/h4>\n

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transliteration alphabet | alphabet de translitt\u00e9ration | alfabeto de transliteraci\u00f3n | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 |\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\u00a0| \u8f6c\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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An \u2192 alphabet that may include \u2192 diacritics, employed in \u2192 transliteration.<\/p>\n

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Example: alphabets used in the romanization of non-Roman script, e.g. for classical Arabic omitting C, E, O, P, V and X, but including \u2018 and other markers.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alphabet employ\u00e9 dans un syst\u00e8me de \u2192 translitt\u00e9ration, pouvant utiliser des \u2192 signes diacritiques. Exemple : les alphabets utilis\u00e9s pour la romanisation d’\u00e9critures non latines, par exemple l’arabe classique, qui omet C, E, O, P, V et X, mais comprend des symboles tels que ‘ (ayn).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Alfabeto que puede incluir \u2192 diacr\u00edticos, utilizado en la \u2192 transliteraci\u00f3n. Ejemplo: los alfabetos usados en la romanizaci\u00f3n de las escrituras no-latinas; as\u00ed, para el \u00e1rabe cl\u00e1sico, se omiten C, E, O, P, V y X, pero se incluyen ‘ y otros signos auxiliares ortogr\u00e1ficos.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u2192 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b C, E, O, P, V \u0438 X, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b: (‘ \u0438 \u0434\u0440.).<\/p>\n

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\u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u064a\u0640\u0645\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u2190\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644)<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u2190\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0640\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0640\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 C, E, O, P, V and X \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2018 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u7528\u4e8e\u8f6c\u5199 (\u2192 transliteration) \u7684\u5305\u62ec\u53d8\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5b57 \u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabet). \u5982: \u975e\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u8f6c\u5199\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c \u6587\u5b57\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868, \u5982\u5728\u53e4\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6c\u5199\u8868\u4e2d\u672a \u7528C, E, O, P, V\u548cX,\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6487\u53f7’\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u4e66\u5199\u7b26\u53f7.<\/p>\n

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354 transliteration key<\/h4>\n

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transliteration key | table (ou tableau) de translitt\u00e9ration | clave de transliteraci\u00f3n | \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 | \u8f6c\u5199\u8868 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Table listing the \u2192 characters<\/strong> of a particular \u2192 source script<\/strong> together with the corresponding characters of a specific \u2192 target script<\/strong>. Also called \u2192 conversion table<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples:<\/em> Roman po (and not bo) for Japanese Katakana \u30dd; Cyrillic \u0434 for Roman d; Hebrew \u05d8 and not \u05ea for Thai \u0e15.<\/p>\n

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Tableau donnant les correspondances entre les \u2192 caract\u00e8res<\/strong> d\u2019une \u2192 \u00e9criture de d\u00e9part<\/strong> et ceux d\u2019une \u2192 \u00e9criture d\u2019arriv\u00e9e<\/strong>. Egalement appel\u00e9 \u2192 table de conversion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Exemples:<\/em> romain po (et non bo) pour le katakana japonais \u30dd; cyrillique russe \u0434 pour le romain d; h\u00e9breu \u05d8 (et non \u05ea) pour le tha\u00ef \u0e15.<\/p>\n

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Cuadro que muestra los \u2192 caracteres<\/strong> de una \u2192 escritura de origen<\/strong> determinada junto con los caracteres correspondientes de una \u2192 escritura de t\u00e9rmino<\/strong>. Tambi\u00e9n recibe el nombre de \u2192 tabla de conversi\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Ejemplos:<\/em> las letras po (y no bo) romanas para el japon\u00e9s katakana \u30dd; el signo cir\u00edlico ruso \u0434 para la d romana; el hebreo \u05d8 y no \u05ea para el tai \u0e15.<\/p>\n

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\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u2192 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong> \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong>. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u2192 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/em>: \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 po (\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 bo) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044b \u30dd; \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 d; \u0432 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u05d8, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u05ea \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0e15.<\/p>\n

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\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong> (\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/strong>) \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong>. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u2190 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0644<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: po (\u0644\u0627 bo) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u30dd \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0434 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u00a0d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u05d8 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u05ea \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0e15 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u539f\u8bed\u5b57\u7b26 (\u2192 source script<\/strong>) \u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u8bed\u5b57\u7b26 (\u2192 target script<\/strong>) \u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u8868. \u4e5f\u53ef\u79f0\u4e3a\u8bd1\u5199\u8868 (\u2192 conversion table<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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\u5982: \u65e5\u6587\u7247\u5047\u540d\u5b57\u6bcd\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3abo (\u4e0d\u662fpo) \u30dd; \u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u6bcd d \u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4fc4\u8bed\u897f\u91cc\u5c14\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a \u0434; \u6cf0\u6587\u5b57\u6bcd \u0e15 \u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a \u05d8,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f \u05ea.<\/p>\n

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355 trigraph<\/h4>\n

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trigraph | trigramme | tr\u00edgrafo | \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 |\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a | \u5355\u97f3\u4e09\u5b57\u6bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Sequence of three letters that represent a single \u2192 phoneme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Example: for \/\u00f2\/, sch in German.<\/p>\n

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Ensemble de trois lettres ou caract\u00e8res employ\u00e9 pour repr\u00e9senter un \u2192 phon\u00e8me<\/strong> unique. Exemple: le trigramme allemand sch pour repr\u00e9senter le phon\u00e8me \/1\/, comme dans Schweiz, Suisse.<\/p>\n

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Grupo de tres letras que se emplean, juntas y en un orden fijo, para representar un solo \u2192 fonema<\/strong>. Ejemplo: el alem\u00e1n sch para \/j\/.<\/p>\n

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\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0434\u043b\u044f \/j \/ \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 sch.<\/p>\n

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\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/strong> (\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: sch \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \/\u222b\/.<\/p>\n

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\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u97f3\u4f4d (\u2192 phoneme<\/strong>) \u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u7ec4\u5408. \u5982: \u5fb7\u6587\u7684sch\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u793a\u97f3\u4f4d\/ J\u516b<\/p>\n

triphthong<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Definition of 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Combination of three (or two, in \u2192 diphthong<\/strong>) vocalic elements in a single syllable.<\/p>\n

Example: ‘uay’ in Paraguay.<\/p>\n

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358 UNGEGN<\/h4>\n

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UNGEGN | GENUNG | UNGEGN | \u0413\u042d\u0413\u041d\u041e\u041e\u041d |\u00a0\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 | \u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5730\u540d \u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Acronym<\/strong> for United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Acronyme<\/strong> anglais de l’appellation Groupe d’experts des Nations Unies pour la normalisation des noms g\u00e9ographiques.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Acr\u00f3nimo<\/strong> de United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (Grupo de Expertos de las Naciones Unidas en Nombres Geogr\u00e1ficos).<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u0410\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631<\/strong> \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5730\u540d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4 (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names) \u7684\u82f1\u6587\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7ec4\u5408\u8bcd (\u2192 acronym<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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359 unvocalized<\/h4>\n

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unvocalized | | no vocalizada | \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u061b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a | \u65e0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> vocalization.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> vocalisation.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> vocalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644 (vocalization).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26.<\/p>\n

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360 unvowelled<\/h4>\n

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unvowelled | | no vocalizada | \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u061b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a | \u65e0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

See<\/em> vocalization.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

Voir<\/em> vocalisation.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> vocalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644 (vocalization).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26.<\/p>\n

361 UTM grid<\/h4>\n

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UTM grid | quadrillage | cuadr\u00edcula UTM | \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 UTM | \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 | \u901a\u7528\u6a2a\u8f74\u58a8\u5361 \u6258\u6295\u5f71\u683c\u7f51 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Universal Transverse Mercator grid, a plane grid of \u2192 rectangular coordinates<\/strong> overprinted on maps to assist in defining loca\u00adtion. It covers the entire globe in 60\u00a0meridional zones with a width of 6 degrees longitude each, these zones being num\u00adbered 1-60 from the International Date Line eastward.<\/p>\n

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Syst\u00e8me de projection cylindrique transversale conforme normalis\u00e9 repr\u00e9sentant la Terre en 72\u00b0 Nord et 72\u00b0 Sud au moyen de 60 projections de Mercator transverse dont les m\u00e9ridiens centraux sont espac\u00e9s de 6\u00b0. Le quadrillage est indiqu\u00e9 en surimpression sur les cartes pour faciliter la localisation.<\/p>\n

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Cuadr\u00edcula Universal Transversa de Mercator, una cuadr\u00edcula plana de \u2192 coordenadas rectangulares<\/strong> sobreimpresa en los mapas para ayudar a definir la situaci\u00f3n de un punto. Cubre todo el globo terrestre en 60 zonas de meridiano, cada una de las cuales tiene una anchura de 6 grados de longitud, numeradas del 1 al 60 hacia el Este a partir de la l\u00ednea internacional de la hora.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u2192 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442<\/strong>, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0430 60 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d \u0441 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 6 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0442\u044b; \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 1 \u0434\u043e 60 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0442.<\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u2190 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 60 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 6 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 60 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n

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\u901a\u7528\u6a2a\u8f74\u58a8\u5361\u6258\u6295\u5f71\u683c\u7f51\u662f\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u800c\u52a0\u5370 \u7684\u76f4\u89d2\u5750\u6807 (\u2192 rectangular coordinates<\/strong>) \u7684\u5e73\u9762\u5750\u6807 \u7f51. \u5b83\u628a\u5168\u7403\u5206\u4e3a60\u4e2a\u5b50\u5348\u7ebf\u5e26, \u6bcf\u6761\u7ecf\u5ea6\u95f4\u5bbd6 \u5ea6, \u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u65e5\u671f\u53d8\u66f4\u7ebf\u5411\u4e1c\u4f9d\u6b21\u7f16\u53f71-60.<\/p>\n

364 vector mode<\/h4>\n

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vector mode | mode vectoriel | modo vectorial | \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c |\u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a | \u77e2\u91cf\u65b9\u5f0f |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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In a computer, storage and display of graphic information (points, lines, polygons) with the aid of points defined and addressed by their (usually rectangular) coordinates. Com\u00adplementary term: \u2192 ras\u00adter mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En informatique, m\u00e9thode de stockage et de visualisation d’information graphique dans laquelle le trac\u00e9 est d\u00e9compos\u00e9 en une s\u00e9quence de secteurs \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires (points, lignes, polygones), \u00e0 l’aide de points d\u00e9finis par leurs coordonn\u00e9es (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement rectangulaires). Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 Mode tram\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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En un ordenador, el almacenamiento y la presentaci\u00f3n de informaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica (puntos, l\u00edneas, pol\u00edgonos) con la ayuda de puntos definidos y determinados por sus coordenadas (generalmente rectangulares). T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 modo barrido<\/strong> (raster).<\/p>\n

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\u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a, \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432) \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438). \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u2192 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644: \u2190\u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d, \u501f\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u548c\u4ee5\u5750\u6807\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u76f4 \u89d2\u5750\u6807)\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u70b9, \u8fdb\u884c\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u663e\u793a\u56fe\u5f62\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u70b9\u3001 \u7ebf\u3001\u591a\u8fb9\u5f62). \u8865\u5145\u672f\u8bed: \u2192 raster mode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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366 vernacular<\/h4>\n

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vernacular | langue vernaculaire | vern\u00e1culo | \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a) |\u00a0\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 | \u5f53\u5730\u8bed |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2192 Language<\/strong> or \u2192 dialect<\/strong> native to a region, as distinct from the \u2192 standard language<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Langue<\/strong> parl\u00e9e seulement \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur d’une communaut\u00e9, souvent restreinte. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 dialecte<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 Lengua<\/strong> o \u2192 dialecto<\/strong> nativo de una regi\u00f3n, en cuanto distinto de la \u2192 lengua normalizada<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2192 \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/strong>, \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u2190 \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u67d0\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8bed\u8a00 (\u2192 language<\/strong>) \u6216\u65b9\u8a00 (\u2192 dialect<\/strong>). \u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u6807\u51c6\u8bed (\u2192 standard language<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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367 vocabulary<\/h4>\n

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vocabulary | vocabulaire | vocabulario | \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c | (\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0644\u063a\u0629 | \u8bcd\u6c47 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) List of words of a language.<\/p>\n

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(b) Repertory of words of a particular individual. See also \u2192 lexicon<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) Ensemble des mots d\u2019une langue;<\/p>\n

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b) Ensemble des mots dont dispose un individu particulier pour ses besoins de communication. Voir \u00e9galement \u2192 dictionnaire<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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1. Conjunto de las palabras de una lengua.<\/p>\n

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2. Conjunto de palabras que usa o conoce una persona. V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n \u2192 l\u00e9xico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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a) \u0421\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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b) \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0430. \u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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( \u0623 )\u00a0 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

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(\u0628)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u2190\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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(a) \u67d0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868.<\/p>\n

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(b) \u7279\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u96c6. \u53c2\u89c1 169 \u2192 lexicon<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

368 vocalization<\/h4>\n

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vocalization |\u00a0vocalisation |\u00a0vocalizaci\u00f3n |\u00a0\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f |\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644 |\u00a0\u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The inclusion or insertion of \u2192\u00a0vowel markers<\/strong> in an item or a text written in \u2192\u00a0defective alphabetic script<\/strong> such as in Arabic or He\u00adbrew. Excepting instructional texts, only sacred texts and difficult or foreign words such as \u2192\u00a0toponyms<\/strong> are usually vocal\u00adized in print. Examples:<\/em> \u2018Al\u012b \u2014 \u00a0\ufef2\u0650\ufee0\u064e\ufecb (vocalized) as against \ufef2\ufee0\ufecb (unvocal\u00adized); Carmel \u2014 \u05dc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\ufb3b (vocalized) as against \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05db (unvocalized).<\/p>\n

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Notation de \u2192 marqueurs vocaliques<\/strong> sur les caract\u00e8res d\u2019un texte \u00e9crit dans une \u2192 \u00e9criture alphab\u00e9tique d\u00e9fective,\u00a0<\/strong>telle que le tha\u00ef, l\u2019arabe ou l\u2019h\u00e9breu. A l\u2019exception des textes d\u2019enseignement, seuls les textes sacr\u00e9s et les mots difficiles ou \u00e9trangers comme les \u2192 toponymes<\/strong> sont normalement vocalis\u00e9s dans les documents imprim\u00e9s.\u00a0Exemple\u00a0:<\/em> \u2018Al\u012b \u2014 \ufef2\u0650\ufee0\u064e\ufecb (vocalis\u00e9) \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de \ufef2\ufee0\ufecb (non vocalis\u00e9); Carmel \u2014 \u05dc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\ufb3b (vocalis\u00e9) \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05db (non vocalis\u00e9).<\/p>\n

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La inclusi\u00f3n o inserci\u00f3n de \u2192 signos auxiliares de vocal <\/strong>en un elemento o en un texto escrito en una \u2192\u00a0escritura alfab\u00e9tica defectiva<\/strong> como el \u00e1rabe o el hebreo. Con la excepci\u00f3n de los textos de instrucciones, s\u00f3lo se vocalizan en imprenta los textos sagrados y las palabras dif\u00edciles o extranjeras, como los \u2192 top\u00f3nimos<\/strong>. Ejemplos:<\/em> \u2018Al\u012b \u2013 \ufef2\u0650\ufee0\u064e\ufecb (vocalizada) frente a \ufef2\ufee0\ufecb<\/p>\n

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(sin vocalizar); Carmel \u2013\u05dc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\ufb3b \u00a0(vocalizada) frente a \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05db (sin vocalizar).<\/p>\n

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\u0412\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u2192\u00a0\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430<\/strong> \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u2192 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435<\/strong>, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u2192\u00a0\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b, <\/strong>\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \u2003\u2018Al\u012b \u2014 \ufef2\u0650\ufee0\u064e\ufecb (\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439) \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \ufef2\ufee0\ufecb (\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439); Carmel\u00a0\u2014 \u05dc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\ufb3b (\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439) \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05db (\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439).<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u2190 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0640 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a (\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0629). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u05dc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\ufb3b (\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u00a0(\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0629).<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0defective alphabetic<\/strong>) \u4e2d, \u542b\u6709\u6216\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u97f3\u9644\u52a0\u7b26\u53f7 (\u2192\u00a0vowel markers<\/strong>) \u4e8e\u8bcd\u53e5\u4e2d,\u5982\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u6216\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587\u3002\u9664\u8bfe\u672c\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5723\u4e66\u53ca\u7591\u96be\u8bcd\u548c\u5916\u8bed\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u5730\u540d (\u2192\u00a0toponyms<\/strong>), \u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5370\u5237\u65f6\u52a0\u6709\u5143\u97f3\u9644\u52a0\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u5982: \u2018Al\u012b \u00be \ufef2\u0650\ufee0\u064e\ufecb \u4e2d\u6709\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\uff0c\u800c \ufef2\ufee0\ufecb \u4e2d\u65e0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\uff1bCarmel \u00be \u05dc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\ufb3b \u4e2d\u6709\u5143\u97f3\u7b26, \u800c \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05db \u4e2d\u65e0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n

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369 vocalized<\/h4>\n

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vocalized | vocalisation | vocalizada | \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a | \u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> vocalization.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> vocalisation.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> vocalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644 (vocalization).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26.<\/p>\n

370 vowel<\/h4>\n

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vowel | voyelle | vocal | \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a | (\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a\/\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0629 (\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0646 | \u5143\u97f3 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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One of the two main classes of speech sounds (also including \u2192 diphthongs<\/strong> and \u2192 triphthongs<\/strong>) in the articulation of which the breath channel is not blocked and not restricted so as to cause friction. A vowel is the most prominent part of a \u2192 syllable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Examples: \/a\/, \/e\/, \/i\/, \/o\/, \/u\/. Complementary term: \u2192 consonant<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Son du langage dont l’articulation est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par le libre \u00e9coulement de l’air expir\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le conduit vocal, de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 produire une vibration (il existe \u00e9galement des voyelles \u2192 diphtongues<\/strong> et \u2192 triphtongues<\/strong>). Une voyelle est la partie caract\u00e9ristique d’une \u2192 syllabe<\/strong>. Exemples \uff1a \/a\/, \/e\/, \/i\/, \/o\/, \/u\/. Terme compl\u00e9mentaire \uff1a \u2192 consonne<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Una de los dos clases principales de sonidos del habla (que incluye tambi\u00e9n \u2192 diptongos<\/strong> y \u2192 triptongos<\/strong>), en cuya articulaci\u00f3n el canal de la voz no se interrumpe o no se produce una estrechez que lo haga salir con fricaci\u00f3n. Una vocal es la parte m\u00e1s prominente en una \u2192 s\u00edlaba<\/strong>. Ejemplos: \/a\/, \/e\/, \/i\/, \/o\/, \/u\/. T\u00e9rmino complementario: \u2192 consonante<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u2192 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0438<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192\u00a0\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0438<\/strong>, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a \u2192 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430<\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: \/\u0430\/, \/e\/, \/\u0438\/, \/o\/, \/\u044e\/. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u2192 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/strong> \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u2190 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/strong>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \/a\/\u060c \/e\/\u060c \/i\/\u060c \/o\/\u060c \/u\/. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644:\u00a0\u2190 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\/\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4e0e\u8f85\u97f3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77, \u662f\u8bed\u97f3\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u522b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e8c\u5408 \u5143\u97f3 (\u2192 diphthongs<\/strong>) \u548c\u4e09\u5408\u5143\u97f3 (\u2192\u00a0triphthongs<\/strong>) ) , \u53d1\u97f3\u65f6, \u58f0\u9053\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u963b\u788d, \u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u6469\u64e6. \u5143\u97f3\u662f\u97f3\u8282 (\u2192 syllable) \u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3. \u5982: \/a\/, \/e\/, \/i\/, \/o\/, \/u\/. \u4e92\u8865\u672f \u8bed: \u2192 consonant<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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373 vowel point<\/h4>\n

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vowel point | point-voyelle | | \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 | \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> vowel marker.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> marqueur vocalique.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> signo auxiliar vocal.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (vowel marker).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u5143\u97f3\u6807\u8bb0.<\/p>\n

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374 vowelled<\/h4>\n

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vowelled | | vocalizada | \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 |\u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a | \u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26\u7684 |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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See<\/em> vocalization.<\/p>\n

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Voir<\/em> vocalisation.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e9ase<\/em> vocalizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644 (vocalization).<\/p>\n

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\u89c1: \u9644\u52a0\u5143\u97f3\u7b26.<\/p>\n

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375 writing system<\/h4>\n

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writing system | syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture | sistema de escritura | \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 |\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 | \u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf |<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Method of representing the elements of \u2192 phonology<\/strong> and \u2192 morphology<\/strong> of a language by a set of graphic symbols which make up an \u2192 alphabet<\/strong>, a \u2192 syllabary<\/strong> or a \u2192 logographic lexicon<\/strong>, respectively, for an \u2192 alphabetic<\/strong>, \u2192 syllabic<\/strong> or \u2192 logographic writing system<\/strong>. A writing system is composed of \u2192 scripts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Syst\u00e8me conventionnel d’emploi de symboles graphiques d\u00e9termin\u00e9s repr\u00e9sentant les \u2192 phon\u00e8mes<\/strong> ou les \u2192 morph\u00e8mes<\/strong> d’une langue donn\u00e9e. Ces symboles composent un \u2192 alphabet<\/strong>, un \u2192 syllabaire<\/strong> ou un syst\u00e8me de \u2192 logogrammes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e9todo de representar los eementos \u2192 fonol\u00f3gicos<\/strong> y \u2192 morfol\u00f3gicos<\/strong> de una lengua mediante un conjunto de signos gr\u00e1ficos que constituyen un \u2192 alfabeto<\/strong>, un \u2192 silabario<\/strong> o un \u2192 l\u00e9xico ideogr\u00e1fico<\/strong> para un sistema de escritura \u2192 alfab\u00e9tico<\/strong>, \u2192 sil\u00e1bico<\/strong> o \u2192 ideogr\u00e1fico<\/strong>. Un sistema de escritura se compone de \u2192 escrituras<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2192 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0438 \u2192 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/strong>, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/strong>, \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u2192 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong>)\u00a0\u0648 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u2190 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u0623\u0648 \u2190\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/strong>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u2190 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u2190 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u2190 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u5b57\u6bcd\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868 (\u2192 alphabetic<\/strong>) \u6216\u97f3\u8282\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 syllabary<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u7684\u97f3\u8282\u8868\u6216\u8bcd\u7b26\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u5185\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u7b26, \u6765 \u8868\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u97f3\u7cfb (\u2192 phonology<\/strong>) \u548c\u8bcd\u6cd5 (\u2192 morphology<\/strong>) \u6210\u5206\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5. \u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u6587\u5b57 (\u2192 scripts<\/strong>) \u6784\u6210.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n

Deleted Definitions<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

030 coded representation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

coded representation | repr\u00e9sentation cod\u00e9e | representaci\u00f3n codificada | \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0632 | \u7f16\u7801\u8868\u793a\u6cd5 |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The representation of an item or of a \u2192 feature class<\/strong> by an \u2192 alphanumeric or graphic <\/strong>code; the result of applying a code to any member of a coded set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Examples: 0226\u2014main road; \u25b2\u2014 mountain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Repr\u00e9sentation d\u2019une donn\u00e9e ou d\u2019une \u2192 classe d\u2019entit\u00e9s<\/strong> selon un code \u2192 alphanum\u00e9rique ou graphique<\/strong>; r\u00e9sultat de l\u2019attribution d\u2019un code ou d\u2019un symbole \u00e0 chacun des \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u2019un ensemble cod\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exemples : 1 \u00e0 99 (num\u00e9ro d\u2019autoroute au Qu\u00e9bec, Canada); 100 \u00e0 199 (num\u00e9ro de route principale au Qu\u00e9bec, Canada); \u263c (crat\u00e8re); \u25b2 (mont).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. La representaci\u00f3n de un elemento o de una \u2192 clase de accidente<\/strong> por un c\u00f3digo \u2192 alfanum\u00e9rico o gr\u00e1fico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. El resultado de asignar un c\u00f3digo a cualquier componente de un conjunto codificado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ejemplos: 0226 \u2014 carretera principal; \u25b2\u2014 monta\u00f1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u2192 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong> \u2192 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c<\/strong> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c; \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: 0226\u2014\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430; \u25b2\u2014 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u2190 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0645<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u2190 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u061b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: 0226 \u2013 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 ^ – \u062c\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7528\u5b57\u6bcd\u6570\u5b57 (\u2192 alphanumeric<\/strong>) \u6216\u56fe\u5f62\u4ee3\u7801,\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u7f16\u7801 \u96c6\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6570\u636e\u9879\u6216\u5730\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u5206\u7c7b (\u2192 feature class<\/strong>) \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982: 0226 \u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u8981\u9053\u8def; \u25b2 \u8868\u793a\u5c71.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

034, 098 computer file<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

computer file | fichier informatique | fichero o archivo de ordenador | \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b | \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a | \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6587\u4ef6 |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organized, ordered and named collection of \u2192 computer records<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ensemble structur\u00e9 d\u2019informations, formant un \u2192 enregistrement informatique<\/strong>, d\u00e9sign\u00e9 par un nom de fichier et susceptible d\u2019\u00eatre stock\u00e9, par exemple sur un disque ou une disquette.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colecci\u00f3n de \u2192 registros de ordenador<\/strong> organizada, ordenada y con nombre propio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u2192 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6587\u4ef6 (\u2192 computer file<\/strong>) \u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7f16\u6392 (\u5982\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u5b57\u6bcd\u6570\u5b57 (\u2192 alphanumeric<\/strong>)\uff0c\u5b9a\u70b9\u6216\u6d6e\u70b9\u7b49)\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u683c\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

052 data base management system<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

data base management system | Syst\u00e8me de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es (SGBD) | sistema de gesti\u00f3n de la base de datos | \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 | \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a | \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A collection of \u2192 software required for using a \u2192 digital data base so as to enable independent users to access this data base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 Logiciel ayant pour t\u00e2che d’assurer la gestion automatique d’une \u2192 base de donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques et de donner acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ces donn\u00e9es pour utilisateurs autonomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conjunto de \u2192 programas necesario para usar una \u2192 base de datos digital de forma que usuarios independientes puedan acceder a dicha base de datos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u2190 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2190 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3a\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7528\u6237\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u6570\u636e\u5e93 (\u2192 digital data base) \u800c \u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6 (\u2192 software) \u96c6\u5408.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

099 firmware<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

firmware | microprogramme | programa fijo de m\u00e1quina | \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 | \u56fa\u4ef6 |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Computer \u2192 programs and procedures programmed onto a card or board and inserted into or fixed in a computer. It is not changeable by \u2192 software commands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 Logiciel enregistr\u00e9 sous forme de montage ou de connexions fig\u00e9es dans un circuit int\u00e9gr\u00e9, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une m\u00e9moire morte, non modifiable en cours de traitement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 Programas y procedimientos inalterables de ordenador programados sobre una tarjeta o soporte e introducidos en un ordenador. No se puede cambiar mediante \u00f3rdenes de \u2192 programaci\u00f3n (software).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2192 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2190 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u628a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f (\u2192 program) \u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u56fa\u5316\u5728\u4e00\u5f20\u63d2\u5165\u6216 \u56fa\u5b9a\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5185\u7684\u63d2\u4ef6\u5361\u6216\u677f\u4e0a. \u901a\u8fc7\u8f6f\u4ef6 (\u2192 software) \u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u6539\u53d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

104 full title<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

full title | | forma larga | \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 | \u5168\u79f0 |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See<\/em> long form (of a name).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voir<\/em> forme longue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e9ase<\/em> forma larga (de un nombre propio de lugar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631<\/em>: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645) (long form (of a name).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u89c1: (\u5730\u540d)\u5168\u79f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

119 GIS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

GIS | SIG | SIG | \u0413\u0418\u0421 | \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 | \u5730\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voir<\/em> Syst\u00e8me d\u2019information g\u00e9ographique (SIG).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e9ase<\/em> sistema de informaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica (SIG).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0421\u043c<\/em>. \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0421).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/em>: geographic information system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u89c1: \u5730\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf.<\/p>\n\n\n

197 computer menu<\/h4>\n\n

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computer menu\u00a0|\u00a0menu informatique\u00a0|\u00a0men\u00fa de ordenador\u00a0|\u00a0\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00a0\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044e |\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0|\u00a0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u83dc\u5355\u00a0|<\/p>\n


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Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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List of options available to an operator, usually displayed in graphic or \u2192\u00a0alphanumeric<\/strong> form on the computer screen.<\/p>\n

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Liste des fonctions disponibles affich\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cran par un \u2192 logiciel,<\/strong> g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sous forme graphique ou \u2192 alphanum\u00e9rique.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Lista presentada en pantalla en forma gr\u00e1fica o \u2192\u00a0alfanum\u00e9rica<\/strong> que sirve de gu\u00eda para la selecci\u00f3n de las operaciones que puede realizar un ordenador y un determinado programa.<\/p>\n

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\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u2192\u00a0\u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 <\/strong>\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435.<\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0650\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u00a0 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u2190\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628).<\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u56fe\u5f62\u6216\u5b57\u6bcd\u6570\u5b57 (\u2192\u00a0alphanumeric<\/strong>) \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f, \u663e\u793a\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u663e\u793a\u5c4f\u4e0a\u4f9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5458\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u6e05\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

245 common noun<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

common noun | nom commun | nombre com\u00fan | \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 | \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0633 | \u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd |<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Definition of 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A word designating any one of a particular kind of being, place or thing. Examples:<\/em> toponym, gazetteer, city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mot servant \u00e0 d\u00e9signer les \u00eatres, les choses qui appartiennent \u00e0 une m\u00eame cat\u00e9gorie logique. Exemples :<\/em> toponyme, r\u00e9pertoire, ville.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palabra que se aplica a personas o cosas de una misma especie o clase. Ejemplos:<\/em> top\u00f3nimo, letra, ciudad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b:<\/em> \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c; \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8868\u793a\u5b58\u5728\u7269, \u5730\u65b9\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7b49\u603b\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u5982: \u5730\u540d\u3001\u5730\u540d\u5f55\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Glossary includes both the original 2002 edition and the 2007 Addendum. The dates are noted with the respective entries. 001 acronym acronym | acronyme | acr\u00f3nimo | \u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c; \u0430\u0431\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 Read More …<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2579","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["de","en"],"languages":{"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":true,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2579"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2890,"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2579\/revisions\/2890"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ortsnamen.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}